A marine species Pseudobiceros bedfordi (Bedford's Flatworm), a member of the Polycladida
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Turbellaria Ehrenberg, 1831
Subgroups
See text.
The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from 1 mm (0.039 in) to large freshwater forms more than 500 mm (20 in) long[3] or terrestrial species like Bipalium kewense which can reach 600 mm (24 in) in length. All the larger forms are flat with ribbon-like or leaf-like shapes, since their lack of respiratory and circulatory systems means that they have to rely on diffusion for internal transport of metabolites. However, many of the smaller forms are round in cross section. Most are predators, and all live in water or in moist terrestrial environments. Most forms reproduce sexually and with few exceptions all are simultaneous hermaphrodites.
The Acoelomorpha and the genus Xenoturbella were formerly included in the Turbellaria, but are no longer regarded as Platyhelminthes. All the exclusively parasitic Platyhelminthes form a monophyletic group Neodermata, and it is agreed that these are descended from one small sub-group within the free-living Platyhelminthes. Hence the "Turbellaria" as traditionally defined are paraphyletic.
^Dirk Knaust (2010). "Remarkably preserved benthic organisms and their traces from a Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) mud flat". Lethaia. 43 (3): 344–356. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00196.x.
^Dirk Knaust; André Desrochers (2019). "Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied assemblage in Ordovician carbonates of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada". Gondwana Research. 71: 117–128. Bibcode:2019GondR..71..117K. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.01.016. S2CID 134814852.
^Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates
The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively...
continuously. In traditional medicinal texts, Platyhelminthes are divided into Turbellaria, which are mostly non-parasitic animals such as planarians, and three...
Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia...
phylogenetic tree. The non-parasitic flatworms, traditionally grouped as the "Turbellaria", are paraphyletic, as the parasitic Neodermata including the Cestoda...
distribution of the freshwater triclad Planaria torva (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) in Britain". Journal of Zoology. 157 (1): 99–123. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998...
dugesiid triclads that contains some common representatives of the class Turbellaria. These common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of Africa, Eurasia...
Planarians (triclads) are free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria, order Tricladida, which includes hundreds of species, found in freshwater, marine...
biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). Biology of the Turbellaria (Edited by: Riser NW and Morse MP). New York: McGraw-Hill...
cosmopolitan marine family of Catenulida (Turbellaria)". In Riser, N.; Morse, M. (eds.). Biology of the Turbellaria. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 63–92...
Masaharu; Makino, Naoya; Shirasawa, Yasuko (1982). "Bipalium nobile sp.nov. (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola), a New Land Planarian from Tokyo". Annotationes...
Predators of the Invading Terrestrial Flatworm Bipalium adventitium (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola)". The American Midland Naturalist. 141 (2): 305–314...
Kawakatsu, M. (1988). "Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Rhynchodeminae". Bulletin of Fuji Women's...
; Kawakatsu, M. (1987). "Index to the species of the genus Bipalium (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola)". The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College. Series...
offspring. At least two species in the genus Dugesia, flatworms in the Turbellaria sub-division of the phylum Platyhelminthes, include polyploid individuals...
and corrections of the previous land planarian indices of the world (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida, Terrcola): Addendum IV. Geographic locus index:...
marine flatworm from the family Pseudocerotidae and belongs to the class Turbellaria. These flatworms are commonly found in the tropics of the Indo-Pacific...
biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). Biology of the Turbellaria (Edited by: Riser NW and Morse MP). New York: McGraw-Hill...
free-living species that were previously grouped in the now obsolete class Turbellaria. Therefore, it contains the majority of the species in the phylum Platyhelminthes...
Ball, I. R. (1977). "A monograph of genus Spathula (Platyhelminthes : Turbellaria : Tricladida)". Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series. 25...
Masaharu; Makino, Naoya; Shirasawa, Yasuko (1982). "Bipalium nobile sp.nov. (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola), a New Land Planarian from Tokyo". Annotationes...
T. B.; Sefton, A. D. (1976). "The food of Planaria torva (Müller) (Turbellaria-Tricladida), a laboratory and field study". Freshwater Biology. 6 (4):...
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