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Standard High German
Standard German, High German, also often simply German
Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch
Region
German-speaking Europe
Speakers
L1: 76 million (2019)[1] L2: 59 million Total: 130 million
Language family
Indo-European
Germanic
West Germanic
High German
Standard High German
Early forms
Proto-Germanic
West Germanic
Old High German
Middle High German
Early New High German
Standard forms
Standard High German (German, Austrian, Swiss)
Writing system
Latin script (German alphabet)
German Braille
Signed forms
Signed German
Official status
Regulated by
Council for German Orthography[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-1
de
ISO 639-2
ger (B) deu (T)
ISO 639-3
deu
Glottolog
stan1295
Linguasphere
52-ACB–dl
Standard High German (SHG),[3] less precisely Standard German or High German[a] (German: Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch), is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas. German is a pluricentric Dachsprache with currently three codified (or standardised) specific national varieties: German Standard German, Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German.[4]
Regarding the spelling and punctuation, a recommended standard is published by the Council for German Orthography which represents the governments of all majority and minority German-speaking countries and dependencies.[5] Adherence is obligatory for government institutions, including schools. Regarding the pronunciation, although there is no official standards body, there is a long-standing de facto standard pronunciation (Bühnendeutsch), most commonly used in formal speech and teaching materials. It is similar to the formal German spoken in and around Hanover. Adherence to those standards by private individuals and companies, including the print and audio-visual media, is voluntary. Austrian German has had standard pronunciation exceptions since 1904 (Luick's österreichische Bühnenaussprache).[6] In Switzerland, no such official pronunciation codex exists, yet most Standard Swiss German speakers are markedly different sounding from Hanover-type phonetic targets.
^Standard High German at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^"Über den Rat". Institute for the German Language. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
^E.g.
Wolfgang Wölck (from Buffalo, USA): Language Use and Attitudes among Teenagers in Diglossic Northern Germany. In: Language Contact in Europe: Proceedings of the Working groups 12 and 13 at the XIIIth International Congress of Linguistics, August 29 – September 4, 1982, Tokyo, edited by Peter H. Nelde, P. Sture Ureland and Iain Clarkson. Volume 168 of Linguistische Arbeiten, edited by Hans Altmann, Herbert E. Brekle, Hans Jürgen Heringer, Christian Rohrer, Heinz Vater and Otmar Werner. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 97ff., here p. 99
Iwar Werlen: Swiss German Dialects and Swiss Standard High German. In: Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, edited by Peter Auer and Aldo di Luzio. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 1988, p. 94
^Dollinger, Stefan (2019). "Debunking "pluri-areality": on the pluricentric perspective of national varieties". Journal of Linguistic Geography. 7 (2): 101, Fig. 3. doi:10.1017/jlg.2019.9.
^"Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung – Über den Rat". Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
^Luick, Karl (1996). Deutsche Lautlehre – mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sprechweise Wiens und der österreichischen Alpenländer (in German) (1st 1904, 3rd 1932 and reprinted 1996 ed.).
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Standard High German (SHG), less precisely StandardGerman or High German (German: Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland...
transcription delimiters. The phonology of StandardGerman is the standard pronunciation or accent of the German language. It deals with current phonology...
Swiss StandardGerman (SSG; German: Schweizer Standarddeutsch), or Swiss High German (German: Schweizer Hochdeutsch or Schweizerhochdeutsch), referred...
Austrian German (German: Österreichisches Deutsch), Austrian StandardGerman (ASG), Standard Austrian German (Österreichisches Standarddeutsch), Austrian...
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