Global InformationPennsylvania Dutch language information
| Pennsylvania Dutch | |
|---|---|
| Pennsylvania German | |
| Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch | |
| Native to | United States, Canada |
| Region | United States:
Canada:
|
| Ethnicity | Pennsylvania Dutch |
Native speakers | 237,000 (2016-2020 American Community Survey)[1] to 350,000 (2012)[2] (L2 speakers: about 3,000) |
Language family | Indo-European
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pdc |
| Glottolog | penn1240 |
| ELP | Pennsylvania German |
| Linguasphere | 52-ACB-he |
 Pennsylvania Dutch distribution in the United States | |
 Pennsylvania Dutch is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Pennsylvania Dutch (Deitsch, ⓘ or Pennsilfaanisch), sometimes referred to as Pennsylvania German,[a] is a variety of Palatine German[3] spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch, including the Amish, Mennonites, Fancy Dutch, and other related groups in the United States and Canada. There are approximately 300,000 native speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in the United States and Canada.
The language traditionally has been spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch, who are descendants of late 17th- and early to late 18th-century immigrants to Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina who arrived primarily from Southern Germany and, to a lesser degree, from eastern French regions of Alsace and Lorraine, and parts of Switzerland. Although the term Pennsylvania Dutch is often taken to refer to the Amish and related Old Order groups, it does not imply a connection to any particular religious group.
The word Dutch does not refer to the Dutch language or people (as in the Netherlands; in the Dutch language of the Netherlands, Pennsylvania Dutch is known as "Pennsylvania-Duits", in this case "Duits" is the Dutch word for "German", and Dutch in Netherlands Dutch is "Nederlands", and in Pennsylvania Dutch, the Dutch language of the Netherlands is called "Niederlaendisch"); rather it is derived from the endonym Deitsch.[4][5][6][7] The terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets, and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word *þiudiskaz, which translates in English as "popular" or "of the people".[8] The continued use of the term was strengthened by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century as a means to distinguish themselves from German immigrants who arrived in the United States after 1830. The Pennsylvania Dutch refer to themselves as Deitsche and to the later German settlers as Deitschlenner (literally "Germany-ers'") who they saw as a related but distinct group of Germans.[9]
Speakers of the dialect today are primarily found in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and other Midwestern states, as well as parts of the Southern states such as in Kentucky and Tennessee, in the United States, and in Ontario in Canada. The dialect historically was also spoken in other regions where its use has largely or entirely faded. The practice of Pennsylvania Dutch as a street language in urban areas of Pennsylvania, including Allentown, Reading, Lancaster, and York, was declining by the beginning of the 20th century. But in more rural Pennsylvania areas, it continued in widespread use until World War II. Since that time, its use in Pennsylvania rural areas has greatly declined. It is best preserved in the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities, and presently the members of both groups make up the majority of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers.
- ^ 2016 American Community Survey, 5-year estimates (https://usa.ipums.org/usa/sda/)
- ^ Steven Hartman Keiser: Pennsylvania German in the American Midwest, 2012
- ^ Der Regebogen The Rainbow · Volumes 19-21. 1985. pp. 25, 26, 27.
- ^ Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606.
- ^ Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.2
- ^ Hostetler, John A. (1993), Amish Society, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241
- ^ Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p.16.
- ^ W. Haubrichs, "Theodiscus, Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch" (2004), 199–228
- ^ Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p.3-4
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