Historical Slavic language, ancestor of Belarusian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian
Not to be confused with Rusyn language or Pannonian Rusyn language.
Ruthenian
рускїй ѧзыкъ[1][2]
Native to
East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Extinct
Developed into Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn
Language family
Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
Slavic
East Slavic
Ruthenian
Early forms
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Balto-Slavic
Proto-Slavic
Old East Slavic
Official status
Official language in
Grand Duchy of Lithuania[3][4] (later replaced by Polish[4])
Language codes
ISO 639-3
None (mis)
Linguist List
orv-olr
Glottolog
None
Ruthenian (рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ;[1][2] see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages.[5][6][7][8]
In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the same term (German: ruthenische Sprache; Hungarian: Rutén nyelv) was employed continuously (up to 1918) as an official exonym for the entire East Slavic linguistic body within its borders.[9] In modern Russian Federation as in its conditional predecessor Imperial Russia, Ruthenian language is often ignored referring to it as Russian language due to similar naming of two languages (рус(ь)кй and русский).[10][original research?]
Several linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular varieties of this language; issues related to meanings and proper uses of various endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) glottonyms (names of languages and linguistic varieties); questions on its relation to modern East Slavic languages, and its relation to Old East Slavic (the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' in the 10th through 13th centuries).[11]
^ abЖ. Некрашевич-Короткая. Лингвонимы восточнославянского культурного региона (историчесикий обзор) [Lingvonyms of the East Slavic Cultural Region (Historical Review)] (in Russian) // Исследование славянских языков и литератур в высшей школе: достижения и перспективы: Информационные материалы и тезисы докладов международной научной конференции [Research on Slavic Languages and Literature in Higher Education: Achievements and Prospects: Information and Abstracts of the International Scientific Conference]/ Под ред. В. П. Гудкова, А. Г. Машковой, С. С. Скорвида. — М., 2003. — С. 150 — 317 с.
^ abНачальный этап формирования русского национального языка [The initial stage of the formation of the Russian national language], Ленинград 1962, p. 221
^Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. pp. 131, 140. ISBN 0802008305.
^ abKamusella, Tomasz (2021). Politics and the Slavic Languages. Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-367-56984-6.
^Frick 1985, p. 25-52.
^Pugh 1985, p. 53-60.
^Bunčić 2015, p. 276-289.
^Moser 2017, p. 119-135.
^Moser 2018, p. 87-104.
^Ivanov, Vyacheslav. Славянские диалекты в соотношении с другими языками Великого княжества Литовского (Slavic dialects in relation to other languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) // Slavic studies. The 13th International Congress of Slavists. Ljubljana, 2003. Reports of the Russian delegation. Indrik Publishing. Moscow, 2003.
^"Ukrainian Language". Britannica.com. 17 February 2024.
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Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during...
East Slavic, a language spoken in the medieval state of Kievan Rus'. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the language developed into Ruthenian, where it became...
are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene. Within the Rusyn community, the language is also referred as руснацькый...
Polish–Lithuanian union of the 14th century, the Ruthenian nobles became increasingly polonized, adopting the Polish language and religion (which increasingly meant...
centuries, which later evolved into Ruthenian, the chancery language of the Balto-Ruthenian Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Dnieper river valley, and into...
composite word Belarusian. The term "White Ruthenian" with reference to language has appeared in English-language texts since at least 1921. The oldest one...
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diverged into the Russian and Ruthenianlanguages. Ruthenian eventually evolved into the Belarusian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian languages. The term Old East Slavic...
a variety of Kielbasa sausage Something related to Ruthenia RutheniansRuthenianlanguage Something related to the Russian Empire or Soviet Union Soviet...
the Grand Duchy adopted elements of Ruthenian culture, primarily Ruthenianlanguage, which became the main language of writing. Belarusians began to emerge...
jasle). In Ruthenianlanguage, little yus was used to transcribe the sound ja (as in руска(ѧ) мова ("Ruthenianlanguage") or ѧзыкъ ("language")). This evolved...
The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, also known in the United States as the Byzantine Catholic Church, is a sui iuris (autonomous) Eastern Catholic church...
varieties of the Ruthenianlanguage (those varieties evolved into the modern Ukrainian language) Ruthenia (disambiguation) Ruthenian (disambiguation)...
Vytautas. Later, Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writing. In the years that followed, it was the main language of government until...
Lithuanians preserve their language and ensure respect to it (Linguam propriam observant), but they also use the Ruthenianlanguage for simplicity reasons...
the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), when the Ruthenian and Lithuanian upper classes were drawn towards Westernization with the...
Brest. The LVU is written in a language close to the Ukrainian vernacular of the 17th century, known as Late Ruthenian or early modern Ukrainian. Hustyn...
Modern Ruthenianlanguages: Rusyn language, or Carpatho-Ruthenian, spoken in Carpathian Ruthenia Pannonian Rusyn language, or Pannonian-Ruthenian, spoken...
varieties of the Ruthenianlanguage (those varieties evolved into the modern Belarusian language) Ruthenia (disambiguation) Ruthenian (disambiguation)...
East Slavic with the local elements of the Ruthenianlanguage. Such a Ruthenianlanguage became the main language of the Chancery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania...
Church Slavonic language with many Ruthenian words. Belarusian linguists can also identify the influence of the Polish and Czech languages. Skaryna's books...
Sapieha of Ruthenian origin. The statute was the first one to be printed (in contrast to the handwritten statutes before) in the Ruthenianlanguage using the...
The Ruthenian Trinity (Ruthenian: Руська троица; Ukrainian: Руська трійця, romanized: Ruska triitsia) was a Galician literary group led by Markiian Shashkevych...
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