For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Russian for Wikipedia articles, see Help:IPA/Russian.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
This article discusses the phonological system of standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect (unless otherwise noted). For an overview of dialects in the Russian language, see Russian dialects. Most descriptions of Russian describe it as having five vowel phonemes, though there is some dispute over whether a sixth vowel, /ɨ/, is separate from /i/. Russian has 34 consonants, which can be divided into two types:
hard (твёрдый[ˈtvʲɵrdɨj]ⓘ) or plain
soft (мягкий[ˈmʲæxʲkʲɪj]ⓘ) or palatalized
Russian also distinguishes hard consonants from soft consonants and from iotated consonants, making four sets in total: /CCʲCjCʲj/, although /Cj/ in native words appears only at morpheme boundaries (подъезд, podyezd, IPA:[pɐdˈjest] for example). Russian also preserves palatalized consonants that are followed by another consonant more often than other Slavic languages do. Like Polish, it has both hard postalveolars (/ʂʐ/) and soft ones (/tɕɕː/ and marginally or dialectically /ʑː/).
Russian has vowel reduction in unstressed syllables. This feature also occurs in a minority of other Slavic languages like Belarusian and Bulgarian and is also found in English, but not in most other Slavic languages, such as Czech, Polish, most varieties of Serbo-Croatian, and Ukrainian.
discusses the phonological system of standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect (unless otherwise noted). For an overview of dialects in the Russian language...
soft. (Before 1950 Russian linguists considered /j/ a semivowel rather than a consonant.) See Russianphonology for details. The Russian alphabet contains...
Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press Iosad, Pavel (2012), "Vowel reduction in Russian: no phonetics in phonology" (PDF), Journal of Linguistics...
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts...
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(2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of...
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languages Russian language Old East Slavic language Russian alphabet Russian orthography Reforms of Russian orthography RussianphonologyRussian grammar...
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