Core territories of the Rouran Khaganate in Eastern Asia
Status
Khaganate
Capital
Ting northwest of Gansu[1] Mumocheng[1]
Common languages
Mongolic (Rouran & Mongolian)[2] Old Turkic Middle Chinese(diplomacy)[3]
Religion
Tengrism Shamanism Buddhism
Khagan
• 330 AD
Mugulü
• 555 AD
Yujiulü Dengshuzi
Legislature
Kurultai
Historical era
Late antiquity
• Established
330 AD
• Disestablished
555 AD
Area
405[4][5]
2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Xianbei state
First Turkic Khaganate
Northern Qi
Northern Zhou
Today part of
China Kazakhstan Mongolia Russia
Rouran
Chinese
柔然
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Róurán
Wade–Giles
Jou2-jan2
IPA
[ɻǒʊ.ɻǎn]
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese
/ȵɨu ȵiᴇn/
Ruru or Ruanruan
Chinese
蠕蠕
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Rúrú, Ruǎnruǎn
Wade–Giles
Ju2-ju2, Juan3-juan3
IPA
[ɻǔ.ɻǔ], [ɻuàn.ɻuàn]
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese
/ȵɨo ȵɨo/, /ȵiuᴇnX ȵiuᴇnX/
Ruru
Chinese
茹茹
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Rúrú
Wade–Giles
Ju2-ju2
IPA
[ɻǔ.ɻǔ]
Ruirui
Chinese
芮芮
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Ruìruì
Wade–Giles
Jui4-jui4
IPA
[ɻwêɪ.ɻwêɪ]
Rouru or Rouruan
Chinese
蝚蠕
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Róurú, Róuruǎn
Wade–Giles
Jou2-ju2, Jou2-juan3
IPA
[ɻǒʊ.ɻǔ], [ɻǒʊ.ɻuàn]
Tantan
Chinese
檀檀
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Tántán
Wade–Giles
T'an2-t'an2
IPA
[tʰǎn.tʰǎn]
History of Mongolia
Timeline
States
Rulers
Nobility
Culture
Politics
Geography
Language
Religion
Prehistoric period
Afanasievo culture
3300–2500 BC
Chemurchek culture
2750–1900 BC
Munkhkhairkhan culture
1800–1600 BC
Sagsai culture
1500–1000 BC
Ulaanzuukh culture
1450–1150 BC
Deer stones culture
1400–700 BC
Slab-grave culture
1100–300 BC
Chandman culture
700–300 BC
Pazyryk culture
600–300 BC
Ancient period
Xiongnu
209 BC–93 AD
Xianbei state
93–234
Rouran Khaganate
330–555
Göktürks (First, Eastern,
and Second Turkic Khaganates)
555–630 682–744
Xueyantuo
628–646
Tang protectorate
647–682
Uyghur Khaganate
744–840
Liao dynasty
907–1125
Medieval period
Mongol khanates
9th–12th century
Khamag Mongol
1130–1206
Mongol Empire
1206–1368
Yuan dynasty
1271–1368
Northern Yuan
1368–1635
Oirat Confederation
1399–1634
Dzungar Khanate
1634–1757
Qing dynasty
1691–1911
Modern period
National Revolution
1911
Bogd Khaganate
1911–1919
Chinese occupation
1919–1921
People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate)
1921 1921–1924
People's Republic
1924–1992
Democratic Revolution
1990
Modern Mongolia
1990–present
v
t
e
The Rouran Khaganate (柔然; Róurán), also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan (蠕蠕; Ruǎnruǎn) (or variously Jou-jan, Ruruan, Ju-juan, Ruru, Ruirui, Rouru, Rouruan or Tantan)[6][7] was a tribal confederation and later state founded by a people of Proto-Mongolic Donghu origin.[8][9] The Rouran supreme rulers used the title of "khagan", a popular title borrowed from the Xianbei.[10] The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century, when they were defeated by a Göktürk rebellion at the peak of their power, which subsequently led to the rise of the Turks in world history.
Their Khaganate overthrown, some Rouran remnants possibly became Tatars[11][12] while others possibly migrated west and became the Pannonian Avars (known by such names as Varchonites or Pseudo Avars), who settled in Pannonia (centred on modern Hungary) during the 6th century.[13] These Avars were pursued into the Byzantine Empire by the Göktürks, who referred to the Avars as a slave or vassal people, and requested that the Byzantines expel them. While this Rouran-Avars link remains a controversial theory, a recent DNA study has confirmed the genetic origins of the Avar elite as originating from the Mongolian plains.[14] Other theories instead link the origins of the Pannonian Avars to peoples such as the Uar.
An imperial confederation, the Rouran Khaganate was based on the "distant exploitation of agrarian societies", although according to Nikolay Kradin the Rouran had a feudal system, or "nomadic feudalism". The Rouran controlled trade routes, and raided and subjugated oases and outposts such as Gaochang. They are said to have shown the signs of "both an early state and a chiefdom". The Rouran have been credited as "a band of steppe robbers", because they adopted a strategy of raids and extortion of Northern China. The Khaganate was an aggressive militarized society, a "military-hierarchical polity established to solve the exclusively foreign-policy problems of requisitioning surplus products from neighbouring nations and states."[1]
^ abcKradin NN (2005). "From Tribal Confederation to Empire: The Evolution of the Rouran Society". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 58 (2): 1–21 (149–169). doi:10.1556/AOrient.58.2005.2.3.
^Seregin, Nikolai N.; Matrenin, Sergey S. (December 2020). "Mongolia in Rouran time: main aspects of the interpretation of archaeological materials". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya [The Volga River Region Archaeology]. 4 (34): 36–49. doi:10.24852/pa2020.4.34.36.49. S2CID 234514608.
^Kradin 2004, p. 163.
^Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 129. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 170959.
^Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
^Zhang Min (June 2003). "On the Defensive System of Great Wall Military Town of Northern Wei Dynasty". China's Borderland History and Geography Studies. 13 (2): 15.
^Kradin, Nikolay N. (2016). "Rouran (Juan Juan) Khaganate in "The Encyclopedia of Empire"". The Encyclopedia of Empire. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–2.
^Wei Shou. Book of Wei. vol. 103 "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"
^Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). "Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity" (PDF). Early China. 25. Cambridge University Press: 20. doi:10.1017/S0362502800004259. JSTOR 23354272. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^Vovin, Alexander (2007). "Once again on the etymology of the title qaγan". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, vol. 12 (online resource)
^Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. pp. 179–180
^Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). pp. 54–56.
^Findley (2005), p. 35.
^Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; et al. (2022). "Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites". Cell. 185 (8): 1402–1413.e21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. PMC 9042794. PMID 35366416.
The RouranKhaganate (柔然; Róurán), also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan (蠕蠕; Ruǎnruǎn) (or variously Jou-jan, Ruruan, Ju-juan, Ruru, Ruirui, Rouru, Rouruan...
Qaghan (d. 552) and his brother Istämi. The First Turkic Khaganate succeeded the RouranKhaganate as the hegemonic power of the Mongolian Plateau and rapidly...
unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and northern China, spoken in the RouranKhaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, considered a likely early precursor...
the Göktürks replaced the RouranKhaganate as the dominant power on the Mongolian Plateau, forming the First Turkic Khaganate (552–630). They quickly spread...
the Xianbei state (c. AD 93–234), the RouranKhaganate (330–555), the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others, ruled the area...
Pannonian Avars' core may have been descended from the remnants of the RouranKhaganate, which were accompanied by other Steppe groups. Linguistic evidence...
against the RouranKhaganate, their overlords. Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, Anagui...
Khanate Urmia Khanate RouranKhaganate Later Jin dynasty – Later evolved into the Qing dynasty Khanate of Kalat Khazar Khaganate - Turkic nomads who later...
Sky Fire"); A derivation from the personal name of the progenitor of RouranKhaganate, who is known in the Chinese-language historiographical works Book...
and 11th centuries. In the 6th century, the Göktürks overthrew the RouranKhaganate in what is now Mongolia and expanded in all directions, spreading Turkic...
the capital of the RouranKhaganate. Its location is disputed, and no traces of it have been found. The capital of the RouranKhaganate likely changed over...
rule of the Hephthalites. The Hephthalites were a vassal state to the RouranKhaganate until the beginning of the 5th century. There were close contacts between...
century when the leader, Bumin Qaghan (died 552), revolted against the RouranKhaganate. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and...
other Mongol tribes. This section contains list of wars involving RouranKhaganate This section contains list of wars involving Liao Dynasty This section...
resettled in the oasis city of Gaochang in 442 before being destroyed by the Rouran in 460. The Juqu had a strong interest in Buddhism, with Juqu Mengxun appointing...
(209 BCE–93 CE) Xianbei state (93BCE–234) RouranKhaganate (330–555) Huns (370s–469) First Turkic Khaganate (552–659) Old Great Bulgaria (632–668) Volga...
proto-Mongolic, Uralic, and Palaeo-Siberian clans, vanquished the RouranKhaganate of the hegemonic central Asian Avars in 552 and swept westwards, taking...
Second Turkic Khaganate which later declined after 734 following the establishment of the Uyghur Khaganate. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate was a Turkic-led...
centuries CE, notably in the Indus Valley and Northern India. Sargat 420 ROURANKHAGANATE Kyrgyzs Gaoju Turks CHAM- PA FUNAN Khotan HYMYAR EASTERN JIN NORTHERN...
including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan...
prominent branches were the Murong, Tuoba, Khitan people, Shiwei and RouranKhaganate. Xianbei peoples subsequently moved south of the Great Wall of China...
whom sprang the founders of the RouranKhaganate Yujiulü Cheluhui (郁久閭車鹿會, ?–?), was ruler and tribal chief of the Rourans, succeeded Mùgǔlǘ (Mugulü) and...
Global Information
