Unclassified extinct language of 4th–6th-century Mongolia and northern China
Rouran
Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan, Juan-juan
Native to
Rouran Khaganate
Region
Mongolia and northern China
Era
4th century AD – 6th century AD
Language family
Unclassified, possibly (Para-)Mongolic or isolate
Language codes
ISO 639-3
None (mis)
Glottolog
None
Rouran (Chinese: 柔然), also called Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan or Juan-juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕), is an unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and northern China, spoken in the Rouran Khaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, considered a likely early precursor to Mongolic.[1]
Peter A. Boodberg claimed in 1935 that the Rouran language was Mongolic by analysing Chinese transcriptions of Rouran names.[2] Atwood (2013) notes that Rourans calqued the Sogdian word pūr "son" into their language as *kʻobun (Chinese transliteration: 去汾 MC *kʰɨʌH-bɨun > Mandarin qùfén); which, according to Atwood, is cognate with Middle Mongol kö'ün "son".[3] Alexander Vovin noted that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown non-Altaic language that might have been Rouran,[4] arguing that if so, the language would be non-Altaic, unrelated to its neighbours and possibly a language isolate, though evidence was scant.[2] In 2019, with the emergence of new evidence through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi, Vovin changed his view, suggesting Rouran was, in fact, a Mongolic language, close but not identical to Middle Mongolian.[1]
^ abVovin, Alexander (2019). "A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 1 (1): 162–197. doi:10.1163/25898833-12340008. ISSN 2589-8825. S2CID 198833565.
^ abVovin, Alexander (3–5 December 2010). "Once Again on the Ruanruan Language". Ötüken'den İstanbul'a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010).
^Christopher P., Atwood (2013). "Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus". Central Asiatic Journal. 56. Harrassowitz Verlag: 49–86.
^Vovin, Alexander (2004). "Some thoughts on the origins of the old Turkic 12-year animal cycle". Central Asiatic Journal. 48 (1): 118–132. ISSN 0008-9192.
Rouran (Chinese: 柔然), also called Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan or Juan-juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕), is an unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and northern China,...
The Rouran Khaganate (柔然; Róurán), also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan (蠕蠕; Ruǎnruǎn) (or variously Jou-jan, Ruruan, Ju-juan, Ruru, Ruirui, Rouru, Rouruan...
the Koreanic languages share more similarities with the Paleosiberian languages than with the Altaic languages. The extinct Rouranlanguage of Mongolia...
(Tabγač) was a Turkic language. Vovin (2018) suggests that the Rouranlanguage of the Rouran Khaganate was a Mongolic language, close but not identical...
Khüis Tolgoi, Rouranlanguage was deciphered, and Rouran was spelled in Brahmi script. The Khitan spoke another proto-Mongolic language and developed...
(extinct) (?) Rouran (Rouran) (extinct) Nam (extinct) Wutun (Mongolian-Tibetan mixed language) Macanese (Portuguese creole) The following languages traditionally...
Хаан). The term is of unknown origin and possibly a loanword from the Rouranlanguage. Canadian sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1962) first suggested that...
there is no language material from this period. According to Vovin (2018), the Rouranlanguage of the Rouran Khaganate was a Mongolic language and close...
genetic similarity between early Avar elites and the Rouran in Mongolia Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a...
Consciously devised language Endangered language – Language that is at risk of going extinct Ethnologue#Language families Extinct language – Language that no longer...
derivation from the personal name of the progenitor of Rouran Khaganate, who is known in the Chinese-language historiographical works Book of Wei and History...
against the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords. Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan, Anagui...
instead of text in Mongolian script. Mongolian is the principal language of the Mongolic language family that originated in the Mongolian Plateau. It is spoken...
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extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes...
552) and his brother Istämi. The First Turkic Khaganate succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the hegemonic power of the Mongolian Plateau and rapidly expanded...
whom sprang the founders of the Rouran Khaganate Yujiulü Cheluhui (郁久閭車鹿會, ?–?), was ruler and tribal chief of the Rourans, succeeded Mùgǔlǘ (Mugulü) and...
Xiongnu, Rouran and Xianbei share underlying genetic ancestry "that falls into or close to the northeast Asian gene pool", the proto-Turkic language likely...
tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 6th and 11th centuries. In the 6th century, the Göktürks overthrew the Rouran Khaganate in what...
Asian Steppe origin Avar Khaganate, a former country of the Pannonian Avars Rouran Khaganate, a state of nomadic Mongolian tribes from the late 4th century...
the Rouran and Tobgach empires were the YELÜ-T Mongolic speakers. Although these two empires encompassed multilingual populations, the language of diplomacy...
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