Simplified representation of the life cycle of a retrotransposon
Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements) are mobile elements which move in the host genome by converting their transcribed RNA into DNA through the reverse transcription.[1] Thus, they differ from Class II transposable elements, or DNA transposons, in utilizing an RNA intermediate for the transposition and leaving the transposition donor site unchanged.[2]
Through reverse transcription, retrotransposons amplify themselves quickly to become abundant in eukaryotic genomes such as maize (49–78%)[3] and humans (42%).[4] They are only present in eukaryotes but share features with retroviruses such as HIV, for example, discontinuous reverse transcriptase-mediated extrachromosomal recombination.[5][6]
There are two main types of retrotransposons, long terminal repeats (LTRs) and non-long terminal repeats (non-LTRs). Retrotransposons are classified based on sequence and method of transposition.[7] Most retrotransposons in the maize genome are LTR, whereas in humans they are mostly non-LTR.
^Dombroski BA, Feng Q, Mathias SL, Sassaman DM, Scott AF, Kazazian HH, Boeke JD (July 1994). "An in vivo assay for the reverse transcriptase of human retrotransposon L1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14 (7): 4485–92. doi:10.1128/mcb.14.7.4485. PMC 358820. PMID 7516468.
^Craig, Nancy Lynn (2015). Mobile DNA III. Washington (D.C.): ASM press. ISBN 9781555819200.
^SanMiguel P, Bennetzen JL (1998). "Evidence that a recent increase in maize genome size was caused by the massive amplification of intergene retrotranposons". Annals of Botany. 82 (Suppl A): 37–44. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0746.
^Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, et al. (February 2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome". Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..860L. doi:10.1038/35057062. hdl:2027.42/62798. PMID 11237011.
^Sanchez DH, Gaubert H, Drost HG, Zabet NR, Paszkowski J (November 2017). "High-frequency recombination between members of an LTR retrotransposon family during transposition bursts". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 1283. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.1283S. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01374-x. PMC 5668417. PMID 29097664.
^Drost HG, Sanchez DH (December 2019). "Becoming a Selfish Clan: Recombination Associated to Reverse-Transcription in LTR Retrotransposons". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (12): 3382–3392. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz255. PMC 6894440. PMID 31755923.
^Xiong Y, Eickbush TH (October 1990). "Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences". The EMBO Journal. 9 (10): 3353–62. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07536.x. PMC 552073. PMID 1698615.
Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements) are mobile elements which move in the host genome by converting their transcribed RNA into...
The Ty5 is a type of retrotransposon native to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae organism. Ty5 is one of five endogenous retrotransposons native to the model...
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements (TEs) characterized by the presence of long terminal repeats (LTRs) directly flanking an internal...
Retrotransposon markers are components of DNA which are used as cladistic markers. They assist in determining the common ancestry, or not, of related...
Retrotransposon Gag like 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RTL3 gene. This gene is a member of a family of gag-related retrotransposon genes...
another retrotransposon. Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be...
living organism. There are at least two classes of TEs: Class I TEs or retrotransposons generally function via reverse transcription, while Class II TEs or...
and then self propagating throughout the genome, much like a virus. Retrotransposons are a subset of transposable elements that use an RNA intermediate...
genomes on either end of a series of genes or pseudogenes that form a retrotransposon or an endogenous retrovirus or a retroviral provirus. All retroviral...
Metaviridae is a family of viruses which exist as Ty3-gypsy LTR retrotransposons in a eukaryotic host's genome. They are closely related to retroviruses:...
transcriptase. Many retrotransposons also exhibit replicative transposition. Retrotransposons are present exclusively in eukaryotes. Retrotransposons consist of...
is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data as well as retrotransposon presence/absence data. As opposed to "fowl", "poultry" is a term for...
families. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies...
viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B to replicate their genomes, by retrotransposon mobile genetic elements to proliferate within the host genome, and...
"A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour". Nature Communications. 10 (1). Nature Genetics:...
Horizontal gene transfer Genomic island Transposable element Class I or retrotransposon Class II or DNA transposon Plasmid Fertility Resistance Col Degradative...
raimondii. Part of the difference in size is due to the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). After both diploid genomes are assembled, they would be used...
from their RNA; these DNA copies are then transcribed to new RNA. Retrotransposons also spread by copying DNA and RNA from one another, and telomerase...
Transposons and retrotransposons are valuable tools for unbiased gene discovery as mobile pieces of DNA used for gene disruption. Retrotransposons, such as LINEs...
size. The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and retrotransposon presence/absence data. The superorder originated on the northern supercontinent...
cDNA synthesis. In cellular life, cDNA is generated by viruses and retrotransposons for integration of RNA into target genomic DNA. In molecular biology...
"Disentangling the relationship of the Australian marsupial orders using retrotransposon and evolutionary network analyses". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7...
interspersed elements) are a group of non-LTR (long terminal repeat) retrotransposons that are widespread in the genome of many eukaryotes. LINEs contain...
different maize lines.[citation needed] Long-terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are part of another mechanism through which exon shuffling takes place...
Global Information