Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision (left), and a color blind (protanopic) retina. Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue-sensitive cones.
Retinal mosaic is the name given to the distribution of any particular type of neuron across any particular layer in the retina. Typically such distributions are somewhat regular; it is thought that this is so that each part of the retina is served by each type of neuron in processing visual information.[1]
The regularity of retinal mosaics can be quantitatively studied by modelling the mosaic as a spatial point pattern. This is done by treating each cell as a single point and using spatial statistics such as the Effective Radius, Packing Factor and Regularity Index.[2][3]
Using adaptive optics, it is nowadays possible to image the photoreceptor mosaic (i.e. the distribution of rods and cones) in living humans, enabling the detailed study of photoreceptor density and arrangement across the retina.[4]
In the fovea (where photoreceptor density is highest) the spacing between adjacent receptors is about 6-8 micrometer. This corresponds to an angular resolution of approximately 0.5 arc minute, effectively the upper limit of human visual acuity.
^Reese, Benjamin (2012). "Retinal Mosaics: Pattern Formation Driven by Local Interactions between Homotypic Neighbors". Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 6: 24. doi:10.3389/fncir.2012.00024. PMC 3343307. PMID 22586373.
^Rodiek, R.W. (2003). "The density recovery profile: A method for the analysis of points in the plane applicable to retinal studies". Visual Neuroscience. 20 (3): 349. doi:10.1017/S0952523803203138. S2CID 233366586.
^Eglen, Stephen J. "Cellular spacing: analysis and modelling of retinal mosaics" (PDF). Springer.
^PLoS One. 2018 Jan 16;13(1):e0191141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191141. eCollection 2018.
Retinalmosaic is the name given to the distribution of any particular type of neuron across any particular layer in the retina. Typically such distributions...
mosaic, the most dense, in contradistinction to the much fatter cones located more peripherally in the retina. At the foveal pit, the other retinal layers...
of rods and cones (and classes thereof) in the retina is called the retinalmosaic. Each human retina has approximately 6 million cones and 120 million...
channels can also be affected by the prevalence of certain cones in the retinalmosaic. The cones are not equally prevalent and not evenly distributed in the...
of ways. The first can manifest through the retinal image where the motion flows across the retinalmosaic. The perceived motion can also manifest by the...
world on the retina. Light impinges on the mosaic of receptor sense cells, rods and cones, which covers the retinal surface without gaps or overlap, just like...
independently. The grain of a photographic mosaic has just as limited resolving power as the "grain" of the retinalmosaic. To see detail, two sets of receptors...
within a particular retinal cell. In the sporadic, nonheritable form of retinoblastoma, both mutational events occur within a single retinal cell after fertilization...
Yuan, Furong; McCulloch, Kyle J. (2017-09-01). "Sexual Dimorphism and RetinalMosaic Diversification following the Evolution of a Violet Receptor in Butterflies"...
Zhang Y, Duncan JL. "High-resolution in vivo imaging of the RPE mosaic in eyes with retinal disease". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 May;48(5):2297-303...
M. F.; et al. (2006). "Stochastic spineless expression creates the retinalmosaic for colour vision". Nature. 440 (7081): 174–180. Bibcode:2006Natur.440...
copy of the chromosome—mosaic Patau syndrome. Full trisomy 13 is caused by nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis (the mosaic form is caused by nondisjunction...
(predators and prey, agents and organisms). Analysis of the regularity of retinalmosaics, particularly as a quantitative tool to understand development of the...
Retinal cone dystrophy 3B is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by ocular anomalies. Approximately 34 cases from 20 families across the...
(Sminthopsis crassicaudata) are features coming from the inherited reptilian retinal arrangement. The possibility of trichromacy in marsupials potentially has...
tectal-related structures called the pretectum and parabigeminal nucleus. The retinal input encompasses the entire superficial zone, and is bilateral, although...
German histologist Carl Bergmann. The fovea is a depression in the inner retinal surface, about 1.5 mm wide, the photoreceptor layer of which is entirely...
For clarity, 'retinotopy' can be replaced with 'retinal mapping', and 'retinotopic' with 'retinally mapped'. Visual field maps (retinotopic maps) are...
concentration of melanin (a pigment). It may be inherited, or caused by genetic mosaicism, chimerism, disease, or injury. It occurs in humans and certain breeds...
degeneration, a neurological disorder of the eyes. The naturally occurring mouse retinal degeneration model rd7 is caused by an L1 insertion in the Nr2e3 gene....
dystrophic nails are observed. Some patients have retinal vascular abnormalities predisposing to retinal detachment in early childhood. Cognitive delays...
dysphagia. MEGF10 and MEGF11, have critical roles in the formation of mosaics by two retinal interneuron subtypes, starburst amacrine cells and horizontal cells...
evanescent optical waves") and imaging of retinal cone mosaic ("Directional imaging of the retinal cone mosaic"). In 2008 Vohnsen came to Ireland as a Science...
dramatically between patients with the same particular syndrome due to mosaicism, variable expressivity, and penetrance. Many phakomatoses are caused by...
SS (2006). "Genetics of variation in human color vision and the retinal cone mosaic". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 16 (3): 301–7. doi:10...
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