This article is about the disease. For the protein, see Retinoblastoma protein.
Medical condition
Retinoblastoma
A pathology specimen of a retinoblastoma tumor from an enucleated eye of a 3-year-old female
Specialty
Neuro-oncology
Symptoms
Leukocoria seen in patient's pupil in photos Poor vision One or both eyes turning inward or outward Eye pain[1]
Usual onset
Under 3 years old[1]
Treatment
Surgery (including eye removal in advanced cases) Chemotherapy (after surgery in cases of metastasis) Focal therapy[1]
Frequency
~250–300 children diagnosed annually (United States)[1]
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina,[2] the light-detecting tissue of the eye.[3] It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children.[4][5]
Though most children in high income countries survive this cancer,[2] they may lose their vision in the affected eye(s)[6] or need to have the eye removed.[2]
Almost half of children with retinoblastoma have a hereditary genetic defect associated with retinoblastoma. In other cases, it is caused by a congenital mutation in the chromosome 13 gene 13q14 (retinoblastoma protein).[7]
^ abcd"Retinoblastoma". St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
^ abcDimaras H, Corson TW, Cobrinik D, White A, Zhao J, Munier FL, et al. (August 2015). "Retinoblastoma". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 1: 15021. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.21. PMC 5744255. PMID 27189421.
^Cite error: The named reference mayo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Rao R, Honavar SG (December 2017). "Retinoblastoma". Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 84 (12): 937–944. doi:10.1007/s12098-017-2395-0. PMID 28620731.
^American Cancer Society (2003). "Chapter 85. Neoplasms of the Eye". Cancer Medicine. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker Inc. ISBN 978-1-55009-213-4.
^Warda O, Naeem Z, Roelofs KA, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA (April 2023). "Retinoblastoma and vision". Eye. 37 (5): 797–808. doi:10.1038/s41433-021-01845-y. PMC 10050411. PMID 34987197. S2CID 245672434.
^Ryan SJ, Schachat AP, Wilkinson CP, Hinton DR, Sadda SR, Wiedemann P (2012-11-01). Retina. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2105. ISBN 978-1455737802.
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the...
The retinoblastoma protein (protein name abbreviated Rb; gene name abbreviated Rb, RB or RB1) is a tumor suppressor protein that is dysfunctional in several...
Trilateral retinoblastoma is a malignant midline primitive neuroectodermal tumor occurring in patients with inherited uni- or bilateral retinoblastoma. In most...
the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Alfred Knudson, a pediatrician and cancer geneticist, proposed that in order to develop retinoblastoma, two...
often called blasts. Examples are nephroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and retinoblastoma. The suffix -blastoma is used to imply a tumor of primitive, incompletely...
concrete structures Retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer of the eyes caused by a mutation in the retinoblastoma protein Retinoblastoma protein, a tumor suppressor...
lentis (PFV/PHPV), retinoblastoma, and retrolental fibroplasia. Because of the potentially life-threatening nature of retinoblastoma, a cancer, that condition...
classical example of such a loss of protecting genes is hereditary retinoblastoma, in which one parent's contribution of the tumor suppressor Rb1 is flawed...
complex. Cyclin D-CDK4/6 complexes in turn mono-phosphorylates the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein (Rb) to pRb. The un-phosphorylated Rb tumour...
Gallie CM OOnt is a Canadian ophthalmologist. She is the Head of the Retinoblastoma Program in the Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto) Department of Ophthalmology...
firefighter. When he was almost one year old, Healey lost his sight due to retinoblastoma, a rare cancer of the eyes. His eyes had to be surgically removed, and...
some of the pathology the red reflex is used to detect. For example, retinoblastoma, a neuroblastic tumor that can cause a dampened or even white reflex...
California. He has Rusyn ancestry. At the age of two he lost his left eye to retinoblastoma and has had a prosthetic eye ever since. As a teenager, he attended...
consists of three proteins: RB – Retinoblastoma protein p107 – Retinoblastoma-like protein 1 p130 – Retinoblastoma-like protein 2 They play crucial roles...
be benign like dermoid cysts, or malignant like rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma. The most common eyelid tumor is called basal cell carcinoma. This tumor...
risk of various cancers also increase the risk of lung cancer, namely retinoblastoma and Li–Fraumeni syndrome. As with all cancers, lung cancer is triggered...
the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex, thereby preventing the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (RB), and in turn, halting cell cycle progression by preventing...
cyclin-cdk complexes. These cyclin-cdk complexes phosphorylate the Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a tumor suppressor bound with the E2F family of transcription...
conditions can transform cells using their early gene products. E1A (binds Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein) has been found to immortalize primary cells...
his then-11-month-old daughter, Tatum. She had been diagnosed with retinoblastoma, a degenerative and rare form of eye cancer, which required an emergency...
also in investigations of cell cycle control mechanisms such as the retinoblastoma protein. The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research...
shortly afterwards, it is discovered that both Lindy's children have retinoblastoma, a cancer of the eye. 111 Episode 6 David O'Neill Katerina Watson...
cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (Cdkn), pocket proteins of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family, and other accessory factors. Foundational insight into...
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