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In physical cosmology, the quark epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms, but the temperature of the universe was still too high to allow quarks to bind together to form hadrons.[1] The quark epoch began approximately 10−12 seconds after the Big Bang, when the preceding electroweak epoch ended as the electroweak interaction separated into the weak interaction and electromagnetism. During the quark epoch, the universe was filled with a dense, hot quark–gluon plasma, containing quarks, leptons and their antiparticles. Collisions between particles were too energetic to allow quarks to combine into mesons or baryons. The quark epoch ended when the universe was about 10−6 seconds old, when the average energy of particle interactions had fallen below the binding energy of hadrons. The following period, when quarks became confined within hadrons, is known as the hadron epoch.
^Rafelski, Johann (October–November 2013). "Connecting QGP-Heavy Ion Physics to the Early Universe". Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements. 243–244: 155–162. arXiv:1306.2471. Bibcode:2013NuPhS.243..155R. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2013.09.017. S2CID 118460277 – via ResearchGate.
In physical cosmology, the quarkepoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the fundamental interactions of gravitation, electromagnetism...
to allow quarks to bind together to form hadrons.[better source needed] During the quarkepoch the universe was filled with a dense, hot quark–gluon plasma...
temperature is still too high for quarks to coalesce into hadrons, and the quark–gluon plasma persists (Quarkepoch). The universe cools to 1015 kelvin...
inflation of the universe during the inflationary epoch was released, filling the universe with a dense, hot quark–gluon plasma. Particle interactions in this...
the hadron epoch started 20 microseconds after the Big Bang. The temperature of the universe had fallen sufficiently to allow the quarks from the preceding...
force and weak force merge into a combined electroweak force. During the quarkepoch (shortly after the Big Bang), the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic...
in short periods of time known as the quarkepoch, the hadron epoch, and the lepton epoch. Together, these epochs encompassed less than 10 seconds of time...
to have separated into the electromagnetic and weak forces during the quarkepoch of the early universe. In 1933, Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory...
protons and neutrons disassociate into free quarks. The strong force phase transition marks the end of the quarkepoch. Studies of this transition based on lattice...
force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction...
significantly different prior to electroweak symmetry breaking during the quarkepoch. The vacuum energy in quantum field theory can be set to any value by...
In cosmological models of the Big Bang, the lepton epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which the leptons dominated the mass...
following inflationary epoch. Big Bang Chronology of the universe Ultimate fate of the universe Allday, Jonathan (2001). Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang...
hot mixture of quarks, anti-quarks and gluons as it entered the electroweak epoch. One approach to confirming the inflationary epoch is to directly measure...
strangeness. In the quark model they are understood to be bound states of a strange quark (or antiquark) and an up or down antiquark (or quark). Kaons have proved...
the photon epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe in which photons dominated the energy of the universe. The photon epoch started after...
electron-positron collider would be able to provide the precise measurements of the top quark needed for such calculations. Chaotic inflation theory suggests that the...
an elementary fermion collides with an anti-fermion – e.g., a quark with an anti-quark or an electron with a positron – the two can merge to form a virtual...
J/ψp, hence must have a valence quark content of two up quarks, a down quark, a charm quark, and an anti-charm quark ( u u d c c ), making them charmonium-pentaquarks...
quarks and antiquarks have never been observed in experiments—quarks and antiquarks are always found in groups of three (baryons), or bound in quark–antiquark...
quark color triplet and a left-handed lepton isospin doublet, while the 10 contains the six up-type quark components, the left-handed down-type quark...
series Charmed The Source, a character in the 1978 US television sitcom Quark The Source (1918 film), 1918 American drama directed by George Melford The...
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