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In physical cosmology, baryogenesis (also known as baryosynthesis[1][2]) is the physical process that is hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe to produce baryonic asymmetry, i.e. the imbalance of matter (baryons) and antimatter (antibaryons) in the observed universe.[3]
One of the outstanding problems in modern physics is the predominance of matter over antimatter in the universe. The universe, as a whole, seems to have a nonzero positive baryon number density. Since it is assumed in cosmology that the particles we see were created using the same physics we measure today, it would normally be expected that the overall baryon number should be zero, as matter and antimatter should have been created in equal amounts. A number of theoretical mechanisms are proposed to account for this discrepancy, namely identifying conditions that favour symmetry breaking and the creation of normal matter (as opposed to antimatter). This imbalance has to be exceptionally small, on the order of 1 in every 1630000000 (≈2×109) particles a small fraction of a second after the Big Bang.[4] After most of the matter and antimatter was annihilated, what remained was all the baryonic matter in the current universe, along with a much greater number of bosons. Experiments reported in 2010 at Fermilab, however, seem to show that this imbalance is much greater than previously assumed.[5] These experiments involved a series of particle collisions and found that the amount of generated matter was approximately 1% larger than the amount of generated antimatter. The reason for this discrepancy is not yet known.
Most grand unified theories explicitly break the baryon number symmetry, which would account for this discrepancy, typically invoking reactions mediated by very massive X bosons ( X ) or massive Higgs bosons ( H0 ).[6] The rate at which these events occur is governed largely by the mass of the intermediate X or H0 particles, so by assuming these reactions are responsible for the majority of the baryon number seen today, a maximum mass can be calculated above which the rate would be too slow to explain the presence of matter today.[7] These estimates predict that a large volume of material will occasionally exhibit a spontaneous proton decay, which has not been observed. Therefore, the imbalance between matter and antimatter remains a mystery.
Baryogenesis theories are based on different descriptions of the interaction between fundamental particles. Two main theories are electroweak baryogenesis (Standard Model), which would occur during the electroweak phase transition, and the GUT baryogenesis, which would occur during or shortly after the grand unification epoch. Quantum field theory and statistical physics are used to describe such possible mechanisms.
Baryogenesis is followed by primordial nucleosynthesis, when atomic nuclei began to form.
Unsolved problem in physics:
Why does the observable universe have more matter than antimatter?
(more unsolved problems in physics)
^Barrow, John D; Turner, Michael S (11 June 1981). "Baryosynthesis and the origin of galaxies". Nature Physics. 291 (5815): 469–472. Bibcode:1981Natur.291..469B. doi:10.1038/291469a0. S2CID 4243415. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^Turner, Michael S (1981). "Big band baryosynthesis and grand unification". AIP Conference Proceedings. 72 (1): 224–243. Bibcode:1981AIPC...72..224T. doi:10.1063/1.33002. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^Liddle, Andrew (2015). An Introduction to Modern Cosmology (3rd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-69027-7. OCLC 905985679.
^Perez, Pavel Fileviez; Murgui, Clara; Plascencia, Alexis D. (2021-03-24). "Baryogenesis via leptogenesis: Spontaneous B and L violation". Physical Review D. 104 (5): 055007. arXiv:2103.13397. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104e5007F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.055007. S2CID 232352805.
^
V.M. Abazov; et al. (2010). "Evidence for an anomalous like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry". Physical Review D. 82 (3): 032001. arXiv:1005.2757. Bibcode:2010PhRvD..82c2001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.82.032001. PMID 20868090. S2CID 10661879.
^Ghosh, Avirup; Ghosh, Deep; Mukhopadhyay, Satyanarayan (2021-03-05). "Revisiting the role of CP-conserving processes in cosmological particle–antiparticle asymmetries". The European Physical Journal C. 81 (11): 1038. arXiv:2103.03650. Bibcode:2021EPJC...81.1038G. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09848-5. S2CID 244400805.
^Bass, Steven D.; De Roeck, Albert; Kado, Marumi (2021-04-14). "The Higgs boson implications and prospects for future discoveries". Nature Reviews Physics. 3 (9): 608–624. arXiv:2104.06821. doi:10.1038/s42254-021-00341-2. S2CID 233231660.
theories are electroweak baryogenesis (Standard Model), which would occur during the electroweak phase transition, and the GUT baryogenesis, which would occur...
exist to explain the imbalance of matter and antimatter that resulted in baryogenesis. However, there is as of yet no consensus theory to explain the phenomenon...
rather than antimatter. A process called baryogenesis was hypothesized to account for the asymmetry. For baryogenesis to occur, the Sakharov conditions must...
and is known as baryogenesis. However, in some theoretical models, it is suggested that leptogenesis also occurred prior to baryogenesis; thus the term...
inequality between matter and antimatter particles developed is called baryogenesis. Antimatter particles carry the same charge as matter particles, but...
or anti-baryons. This has two important implications in any theory of baryogenesis within the Standard Model: Any baryon net excess arising before the electroweak...
antileptons or vice versa (a key factor in leptogenesis and non-GUT baryogenesis). Unsolved problem in physics: Do protons decay? If so, then what is...
incorporation into habitable planets has been questioned by Clavelli and White. Baryogenesis and leptogenesis within the Standard Model rely on the weak interaction:...
process by which baryons came to outnumber their antiparticles is called baryogenesis. Experiments are consistent with the number of quarks in the universe...
energy greater than the pair production threshold). During the period of baryogenesis, when the universe was extremely hot and dense, matter and antimatter...
the "ylem" as described by Gamow was the primordial plasma, formed in baryogenesis, which underwent Big Bang nucleosynthesis and was opaque to radiation...
concerning the relative weakness of gravity, cosmology of dimensions, baryogenesis, cosmological inflation, and dark matter. She contributed to the Randall–Sundrum...
transition. In some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, baryogenesis also happened at this stage, creating an imbalance between matter and...
background. The electroweak phase transition is also a potential source of baryogenesis, provided the Sakharov conditions are satisfied. In the minimal Standard...
number and gave rise to a small excess of matter over antimatter (see baryogenesis). This phase transition is also thought to have triggered the process...
of this imbalance are not yet fully understood, although theories of baryogenesis may offer an explanation. As a result, no antimatter atoms have been...
second order phase transition but a continuous crossover, preventing any baryogenesis. However many extensions to the standard model including supersymmetry...
this (currently not understood) process is called baryogenesis. Three required conditions for baryogenesis were derived by Andrei Sakharov in 1967, and requires...
original contributions to grand unified theories, CP violation, and baryogenesis." His notable work includes co-discovering the much studied flipped SU(5)...
universe, and thus forms one of Andrei Sakharov's three conditions for baryogenesis. Physics portal Weakless universe – the postulate that weak interactions...
Possible processes by which it came about are explored in more detail under baryogenesis. Formally, antimatter particles can be defined by their negative baryon...
and antimatter in the present-day universe, according to electroweak baryogenesis theory. Progressive phase transitions in an expanding universe are implicated...
conjugation, and time reversal symmetry CP violations Quantum field theory Baryogenesis, baryon asymmetry, and Leptogenesis One-electron universe Paul Dirac...
particle physics, like possibly the hierarchy problem, dark matter, baryogenesis or the masses of neutrinos. MATHUSLA's location on the surface, shielded...
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