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In physical cosmology, the hadron epoch started 20 microseconds after the Big Bang.[1] The temperature of the universe had fallen sufficiently to allow the quarks from the preceding quark epoch to bind together into hadrons. Initially, the temperature was high enough to allow the formation of hadron/anti-hadron pairs, which kept matter and anti-matter in thermal equilibrium. Following the annihilation of matter and antimatter, a nano-asymmetry of matter remains to the present day. Most of the hadrons and anti-hadrons were eliminated in annihilation reactions, leaving a small residue of hadrons. Upon elimination of anti-hadrons, the Universe was dominated by photons, neutrinos and electron-positron pairs. One refers to this period as the lepton epoch.
Constituents of the Hadron Epoch
In the Hadron Epoch, it is generally believed that the Pion, the lightest meson, was temporarily the most common particle.[2]
^Fromerth, M.J.; Kuznetsova, I.; Labun, L.; Letessier, J.; Rafelski, J. (2012). "From Quark-Gluon Universe to Neutrino Decoupling: 200 < T < 2MeV". Acta Physica Polonica B. 43 (12): 2261. arXiv:1211.4297. doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.43.2261. ISSN 0587-4254. S2CID 118448487.
^Yang, Johann (June 27, 2023). "A short survey of matter-antimatter evolution in the Primordial Universe". Universe. 9 (7): 309. arXiv:2305.09055. Bibcode:2023Univ....9..309R. doi:10.3390/universe9070309.
preceding quark epoch to bind together into hadrons. Initially, the temperature was high enough to allow the formation of hadron/anti-hadron pairs, which...
are established. c. 10−6 seconds: Hadronepoch begins: As the universe cools to about 1010 kelvin, a quark-hadron transition takes place in which quarks...
after the Big Bang The majority of hadrons and anti-hadrons annihilate each other at the end of the hadronepoch, leaving leptons (such as the electron...
after the majority of hadrons and anti-hadrons annihilated each other at the end of the hadronepoch. During the lepton epoch, the temperature of the...
fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create...
the Big Bang (the quark epoch), the universe was filled with quark–gluon plasma, as the temperature was too high for hadrons to be stable. Given sufficiently...
epoch 10−10 to 10−5 10−5 to 100 Hadronepoch 100 to 105 Lepton epoch 105 to 1010 Epoch of Nucleosynthesis 1010 to 1015 Epoch of Galaxies 1015 to 1020...
in a broad range around 102 - 103 GeV. This is within reach of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which is designed for about 104 GeV in proton–proton collisions...
properties was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. The new particle was subsequently...
before the quark epoch, and currently the highest human-made temperature in thermal equilibrium is around 5.5x1012 K (from the Large Hadron Collider). Sheldon...
Science Pomeranchuk Prize 2000 for his studies of inelasticity of colliding hadron On the propagation of radio waves along an imperfect surface, J. Phys.,...
occur when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere, or possibly in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. These theories are very speculative, and the creation...
holes, then energetic collisions such as the ones produced in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) could trigger such a vacuum decay event, a scenario which...
10^{19}} GeV)—and so are well beyond the reach of any foreseen particle hadron collider experiments. Therefore, the particles predicted by GUT models will...
quarks and gluons) cannot be separated from their parent hadron without producing new hadrons. Is it possible to provide an analytic proof of color confinement...
the K+ . The discovery of hadrons with the internal quantum number "strangeness" marks the beginning of a most exciting epoch in particle physics that...
photons and hadrons show that the interaction is much more intense than expected by the interaction of merely photons with the hadron's electric charge...
to dominate over charged particles 380,000 years after the Big Bang—an epoch called recombination, when the expanding Universe cooled enough to allow...
S2CID 17505679. Triantaphyllou, G. (2016), "Mirror mesons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)", Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 13, no...
On 4 July 2012, the CMS and the ATLAS experimental teams at the Large Hadron Collider independently announced that they had confirmed the formal discovery...
in nature is to produce them in a laboratory. Experiments with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may be able to detect dark matter particles produced in collisions...
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