Qing literati (wenren Chinese:文人) were scholars in the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) educated in the Confucian curriculum, the "Four Books and Five Classics", and sometimes called "shi"(Chinese:士), scholar, and "shen"(Chinese:绅), or gentry. [1] They were defined by their education and lifestyle, whether or not they gained their ambition of passing the Imperial examinations or becoming scholar-officials. They typically began their studies when young. [2]: 145 They attempted to pass three tests throughout their lives. Candidates who achieved the lower degree were called shengyuan (Chinese:生员); those who passed the second level could take the third and highest test, held in Beijing every three years; those who passed this highest test were jinshi. [3]
^Porter, Jonathan. Imperial China 1350-1900. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 213,214.
^Elman, Benjamin A. (22 March 2000). A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21509-2.
^Elman, Benjamin A. (2013). Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-674-72495-2.
Qingliterati (wenren Chinese:文人) were scholars in the Qing dynasty (1644-1912) educated in the Confucian curriculum, the "Four Books and Five Classics"...
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jinshi background"), graduates ranked third class in the court exam. Qingliterati Shujishi The Chinese Imperial Examination System: An Annotated Bibliography...
1985, pp. 648–49 (officials and literati) and 650 (common men). Struve 1988, pp. 662–63 ("broke the momentum of the Qing conquest"); Wakeman 1975, p. 56...
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Qing dynasty (English: /tʃɪŋ/) was an imperial Chinese dynasty ruled by the Aisin Gioro clan of Manchu ethnicity. Officially known as the Great Qing,...
difficulty to master and a general disdain of the painting genre stemming from literati ideology. By the standard of ancient Chinese aesthetics, the Six Principles...
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