Battle of Shanhai Pass, one of the major battles during the Ming–Qing transition
Date
7 May 1618 – 13 August 1683
Location
Modern-day China, Korea, Mongolia, and parts of Russia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia
Result
Qing victory
Collapse of the Ming dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty
Suppression of the rebel Kingdom of Shu, Xi dynasty, Shun dynasty, and Kingdom of Tungning
Consolidation of Qing dynasty rule in China proper
Belligerents
Qing dynasty Aisin-Gioro clan Manchus Ming defectors Southern and Eastern Mongols Joseon (Korea; after 1636) Dutch East India Company
Ming dynasty (1618–1644)Southern Ming dynasty (1644–1662):
Nanjing court (1644–1645)
Fuzhou court (1645–1646)
Guangzhou court (1646–1647)
Nanning court (1646–1662)
Koxinga
Combat support: Joseon (Korea; until 1636) Yehe Jurchens Tiandihui Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) Northern Yuan dynasty (1618–1635) Chagatai Yarkent Khanate (1646–1650) Kumul Khanate Turpan KhanateArmament support: Tokugawa Shogunate (Japan) Kingdom of Portugal English East India Company[1]
Shun dynasty (Li Zicheng)
Xi dynasty (Zhang Xianzhong)
Kingdom of Shu (She-An Rebellion)
Evenk-Daur federation
Nanai Hurka
Commanders and leaders
Nurhaci (WIA)
Hong Taiji
Daišan
Dodo (WIA)
Dorgon
Ajige
Oboi
Shunzhi Emperor
Jirgalang (WIA)
Hooge
Fan Wencheng
Manggūltai
Abatai
Amin
Sonin
Bolo
Ebilun
Suksaha
Laimbu
Li Shuaitai
Yao Qisheng
Kangxi Emperor
Li Yongfang (defected in 1618)
Geng Zhongming (defected in 1633)
Kong Youde (defected in 1633) †
Shang Kexi (defected)
Zu Dashou (defected in 1642)
Wu Sangui (defected in 1644) (WIA)
Hong Chengchou (defected)
Shi Lang (defected)
Zheng Zhilong (defected)
Meng Qiaofang (defected)
Zhang Cunren (defected)
Sun Kewang (defected)
Wang Fuchen (defected)
Chongzhen Emperor
Sun Chengzong †
Yuan Chonghuan
Lu Xiangsheng †
Man Gui †
Ma Shilong
Zhu Shichuan, Prince of Yanchang †
Milayin (米喇印) †
Ding Guodong (丁國棟) †
Sun Chuanting †
Shi Kefa
Koxinga
Li Dingguo
Qin Liangyu
Ou Guangchen
Zuo Liangyu
Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui (Yongli Emperor)
Zhu Yujian, Prince of Tang (Longwu Emperor)
Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu (Hongguang Emperor)
Zhu Youzhen, Prince of Yi
Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu
Zhu Shugui, Prince of Ningjing
Supported by:
Ligdan Khan
Gintaisi
Sa'id Baba
Turumtay †
Sultan Khan
Zhu Hengjia, Prince of Jingjiang
Zhu Yuyue, Prince of Tang (Shaowu Emperor)
Li Zicheng
Ma Shouying
Liu Zongmin †
Li Guo
Li Laiheng †
Hao Yaoqi
Yuan Zongdi
Wang Deren
Gao Yigong †
Liu Tichun
Zhang Xianzhong †
Li Dingguo
Sun Kewang
Liu Wenxiu
Ai Nengqi †
Bai Wenxuan
She Chongming
An Bangyan
Bombogor[2]
Sosoku[3]
Strength
Manchu, Mongol, Han Bannermen
Han Green Standard Army defectors (after 1644)
By 1648, Han Bannermen made up 75% of the Eight Banners while Manchus at only 16%.
Han Chinese soldiers, Hui Muslim soldiers, and Mongol cavalry
Shun dynasty army varies between 60,000 and 100,000 men
Zhang Xianzhong's army – 100,000 men
300,000 Yi fighters
Nanai Hurka: 6,000
Casualties and losses
25,000,000 deaths overall, including civilians
v
t
e
Ming−Qing transition
Belligerents
Ming
Southern Ming
Tungning
Qing
Later Jin
Peasant rebellions
Shun
Xi
She–An Rebellion
Battles
Fushun
Qinghe
Sarhū
Kaiyuan
Tieling
Xicheng
Chahar
Shen-Liao
Zhenjiang
Guangning
Ningyuan
Ning-Jin
Jisi
Dalinghe
Wuqiao
Lüshun
Amur
Song-Jin
Beijing
Shanhai Pass
Penghu
Related
Manchuria under Ming rule
Jurchen unification
1st invasion of Joseon
2nd invasion of Joseon
Seven Grievances
Revolt of the Three Feudatories
Great Plague
Great Clearance
The transition from Ming to Qing or the Manchu conquest of China from 1618 to 1683 saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions (like the Shun dynasty and Xi dynasty). It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions.
^"The British-Zheng trading agreement". nmth.gov.tw. National Museum of Taiwan History. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
^Crossley 2000, p. 196.
^Forsyth 1994, p. 214
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