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Great Joseon 조선국 고려국 (1392–1393) 高麗國 조선국 (1393–1894) 朝鮮國 대조선국 (1894–1897) 大朝鮮國 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1392–1897 | |||||||||||
  Top: Flag (1883–1897)
Bottom: Royal flag  Royal emblem
 (c. 1884–1897) | |||||||||||
Seal | |||||||||||
 Territory of Joseon after King Sejong's conquest of Jurchens in 1433 (with current borders) | |||||||||||
| Status | Tributary relations with the Ming and Qing (1401–1895)a Qing Intervention Period a (1882–1894)[1][2][3][4] Japanese Intervention Period (1894–1896) Agwan Pacheon incident(1896–1897) | ||||||||||
| Capital | Main: Hanseong (now Seoul) (1394–1399/1405–1897) Temporary: Gaegyeong (1392–1394/1399–1405) | ||||||||||
| Official languages | Middle Korean, Early Modern Korean, Classical Chinese[5][6]: 243, 329 [7]: 74 (literary Chinese or Hanmun in Korean) | ||||||||||
| Religion | Confucianism (state ideology), Buddhism, Shamanism, Taoism, Christianity (recognized in 1886) | ||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Korean | ||||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy[8] | ||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||
• 1392–1398 | Taejo (first) | ||||||||||
• 1864–1897 | Gojong (last) | ||||||||||
| Chief State Councillor[note 1] | |||||||||||
• 1392 | Bae Geuk-ryeom (first) | ||||||||||
• 1894–1898 | Kim Byeong-si (last) | ||||||||||
| Legislature | None (rule by decree) (until 1894) Jungchuwon (from 1894) | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Coronation of Taejo | 5 August 1392 | ||||||||||
• change the name of a country from Goryeo to Joseon | 28 March 1393 | ||||||||||
• Promulgation of the Korean alphabet | 9 October 1446 | ||||||||||
• Japanese invasions | 1592–1598 | ||||||||||
• First and second Manchu invasions | 1627, 1636–1637 | ||||||||||
• Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 | 26 February 1876 | ||||||||||
• Treaty of Shimonoseki | 17 April 1895 | ||||||||||
• Proclamation of the Korean Empire | 13 October 1897 | ||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||
• 1519[9] | 3,300,000 | ||||||||||
• 1648[10] | 2,576,000 | ||||||||||
• 1717[10] | 10,056,000 | ||||||||||
• 1777[10] | 9,074,000 | ||||||||||
• 1807[10] | 9,377,000 | ||||||||||
| Currency | Mun (1423–1425, 1625–1892) Yang (1892–1897) | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | North Korea South Korea Russia (Nokdundo)[11] | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 조선 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 朝鮮 |
| Revised Romanization | Joseon |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chosŏn |
| IPA | [tɕosʌn] |
| North Korean name | |
| Hangul | 조선봉건왕조[12][13] |
| Hanja | 朝鮮封建王朝 |
| Revised Romanization | Joseon Bonggeon Wangjo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chosŏn Ponggŏn Wangjo |
| Official name | |
| Hangul | 대조선국 |
| Hanja | 大朝鮮國 |
| Revised Romanization | Daejoseon(-)guk |
| McCune–Reischauer | Taejosŏn'guk |
| IPA | Korean pronunciation: [tɛdɕosʌnɡuk̚] |
Joseon[a] (Korean: 조선; Hanja: 朝鮮; MR: Chosŏn; [tɕo.sʌn]), officially Great Joseon State (대조선국; 大朝鮮國; [tɛ.tɕo.sʌn.ɡuk̚]),[14] was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that lasted just over 500 years.[15][16] It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897.[17] The kingdom was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul. The kingdom's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of Amnok and Tuman through the subjugation of the Jurchens.
During its 500-year duration, Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society. Neo-Confucianism was installed as the new state's ideology. Buddhism was accordingly discouraged, and occasionally Buddhists faced persecutions. Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the Korean peninsula and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, literature, and science and technology. In the 1590s, the kingdom was severely weakened due to the two failed Japanese invasions of 1592 and 1598. Several decades later, Joseon was invaded by the Later Jin dynasty and the Qing dynasty in 1627 and 1636–1637 respectively, leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy, for which the country became known as the "hermit kingdom" in Western literature. After the end of these invasions from Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace and prosperity, along with cultural and technological development. What power the kingdom recovered during its isolation waned as the 18th century came to a close. Faced with internal strife, power struggles, international pressure, and rebellions at home, the kingdom declined rapidly in the late 19th century.
The Joseon period has left a substantial legacy to modern Korea; much of modern Korean culture, etiquette, norms, and societal attitudes toward current issues, along with the modern Korean language and its dialects, derive from the culture and traditions of Joseon. Modern Korean bureaucracy and administrative divisions were also established during the Joseon period.
- ^ Lin 2014, pp. 69–71.
- ^ Kim 2012, p. 293.
- ^ "Japan–South Korea Joint History Research Project" https://www.jkcf.or.jp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/3-03j.pdf
- ^ "The Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security(외교안보연구소)" Was Korea Ever a Part of China?: A Historical Review - https://www.ifans.go.kr/knda/com/fileupload/FileDownloadView.do?storgeId=c61b04e5-0182-4c75-ad21-828ecacfb855&uploadId=346596669843959&fileSn=1
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Metwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Leewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Orchiston-Green-Stromwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Choi, Sang-hun (2017). Interior Space and Furniture of Joseon Upper-class Houses. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-8973007202. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020 – via Google Books.
Joseon was an absolute monarchy
- ^ Sung-Ho Kang (2014). Reorienting Reorient: East Asia and 15th–19th Century Joseon.
- ^ a b c d Ki-joo Park and Donghyu Yang (2007). The Standard of Living in the Chosoˇn Dynasty Korea in the 17th to the 19th Centuries.
- ^ 이옥희 [Yi Ok-hui]; 최한성 [Choe Han-seong]; 안재섭 [An Jae-seop] (2004). 두만강 하구 녹둔도의 위치 비정(批正)에 관한 연구 [Geographical Study on the Location of Nokdun-do in lower Tuman river]. 대한지리학회 2004년 춘계학술대회논문집 [Proceedings of the 2004 Conference of the Korean Geographical Society] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
- ^ "조선력사 시대구분표". Naenara (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "Korean History in Chronological Order". Naenara. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ Li, Jun-gyu (이준규) (22 July 2009). (세상사는 이야기) 왜색에 물든 우리말-(10) (in Korean). Newstown.
1392년부터 1910년까지 한반도전역을 통치하였던 조선(朝鮮)은 일반적으로 조선왕조(朝鮮王朝)라 칭하였으며, 어보(御寶), 국서(國書)등에도 대조선국(大朝鮮國)이라는 명칭을 사용하였었다. (translation) Joseon which had ruled from 1392 to 1910 was commonly referred to as the "Joseon dynasty" while "Great Joseon" was used in the royal seal, national documents, and others.
[permanent dead link] - ^ "Chosŏn dynasty | Korean history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
- ^ Women Our History. D.K. 2019. p. 82. ISBN 978-0241395332. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
- ^ "조선". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
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