The Punjabi dialects and languages or Greater Panjabic are a series of dialects and languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition.[7] They have sometimes been referred to as the Greater Punjabi macrolanguage.[8] Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.[9]
Punjabi is a language spoken primarily in the Punjab region, which is divided between India and Pakistan. It is also spoken by Punjabi diaspora communities around the world. Punjabi itself has several dialects that can vary based on geographical, cultural, and historical factors.
The varieties of "Greater Punjabi" have a number of characteristics in common, for example the preservation of the Prakrit double consonants in stressed syllables.[10] Nevertheless, there is disagreement on whether they form part of a single language group, with some proposed classifications placing them all within the Northwestern zone of Indo-Aryan, while others reserving this only for the western varieties, and assigning the eastern ones to the Central zone alongside Hindi.[11]
^Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
^Bhatia, Tej K. (2013). Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. XXV. ISBN 9781136894602. As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).
^Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
^Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.
^Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.
^Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.
other Western Punjabidialects.[citation needed] There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrative language of its own region...
scripts. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languagesand the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone. The word Punjabi (sometimes...
Punjabi people PunjabidialectsandlanguagesPunjabi may also refer to: Punjabi (horse), a British Thoroughbred racehorse HMS Punjabi, a British destroyer...
as a "series of dialects" by other authors. Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain. The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed...
Puadhi dialect has many words that differ from other dialects of Punjabi. Puadh Languages of India List of Indian languages by total speakers Languages of...
"dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. The word Hindko, commonly used to refer to a number of Indo-Aryan dialects spoken in the neighborhood...
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رہِ، گھاہ PunjabidialectsLanguages of India List of Indian languages by total speakers List of Punjabi television channels The language spoken in some...
Rajasthani language, it is heavily influenced by Sindhi and Kutchi. Sindhi language Gujarati languagesPunjabidialects Includes variants anddialects "Glottolog...
Hindi, Persian and other dialects used in various regions of India". Chardi kala PunjabilanguagePunjabidialectsandlanguages Sant Bhasha Padam, Piara...
dictionary. Western Punjabi may refer to: Lahnda, also known as "Western Punjabi", a linguistically defined group of Punjabidialectsand varieties primarily...
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(See Official languages of India.) This network comprises both regional and occupational dialects of English. The widely recognised dialects include Malayali...
English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom, but a number of regional and migrant languages are also spoken. Regional...
comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. They generally speak Standard Punjabi or various Punjabidialects on both sides. The ethnonym is...
Granth Sahib. The languages used include Punjabiand its dialects, Lahnda, regional Prakrits, Apabhramsa, Sanskrit, Hindustani languages (Brajbhasha, Bangru...
Dhani, or Dhanni, is a group of Western Punjabidialects spoken in parts of Rawalpindi Division (Pothohar) of Pakistani Punjab. They are spoken throughout...
the linguistic Linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabidialects are as below: * does not occur word initially Doabi...
manpower after Uttar Pradesh. Punjabi Sikhs speaks the Punjabilanguage as their mother tongue. Various dialects of Punjabilanguage such as Bagri, Bilaspuri...
of languages by total number of speakers. It is difficult to define what constitutes a language as opposed to a dialect. For example, Chinese and Arabic...
Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language native to the region of Punjab of Pakistan and India and spoken by the Punjabi people. This page discusses the grammar...
Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which Kurdish and Balochi are the most...
Pothohari, Hindko, and other Western Punjabidialects, Jhangochi also uses pyā to signify the continuous tense. Many Majhi sub-dialects also utilize this...
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set of linguistic criteria for distinguishing languages in a dialect continuum. For example, a language is often defined as a set of mutually intelligible...
some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages native to the...
modern education, standard languages, migration and weakening knowledge of the dialects. The transition from German dialects to Dutch variants followed...
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