Punjabi language information

Punjabi
Punjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; پنجابی;
	'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi script (top) and Gurmukhi script used in (bottom)
Pronunciation	[pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi] ⓘ
Native to	Pakistan and India
Region	Punjab
Ethnicity	Punjabis
Native speakers	145 million (2011–2017)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi; ; ; ;
Early forms	Prakrit (debated) Apabhraṃśa (debated) Old Punjabi Middle Punjabi Early Modern Punjabi ; ; ; ;
Dialects	See Punjabi dialects;
Writing system	Shāhmukhī (majority, Pakistan); Gurmukhī (official, India); Punjabi Braille; Historical Laṇḍā (Multani); Tākri; Mahajani; Devanāgarī; ;
Official status
Official language in	India Punjab; Haryana (additional); Delhi (additional); West Bengal (additional); ;
Recognised minority; language in	Canada (Official third language in Parliament); ;
Regulated by	List Pakistan: Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture; India: Department of Languages; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-1	pa
ISO 639-2	pan
ISO 639-3	pan
Glottolog	lahn1241
Linguasphere	59-AAF-e
	Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Punjabi (/pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/ pun-JAH-bee;^[14] Shahmukhi: پنجابی; Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, Punjabi: [pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi] ^ⓘ^[15]), sometimes spelled Panjabi,^[d] is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 113 million native speakers.^[16]

Punjabi is the most widely-spoken first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers according to the 2017 census, and the 11th most widely-spoken in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, according to the 2011 census. It is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and the Gulf states.

In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi alphabet, based on the Perso-Arabic script; in India, it is written using the Gurmukhi alphabet, based on the Indic scripts. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ Singh, Sikander (April 2019). "The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language". International Journal of Sikh Studies.
^ Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and Old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.
^ Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.
^ Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.
^ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.
^ "NCLM 52nd Report" (PDF). NCLM. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
^ "Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script". The Hindu. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ "All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister". The Indian Express. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 25 June 2003. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
^ "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ India, Tribune (19 August 2020). "Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
^ Mangat Rai Bhardwaj (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-138-79385-9. LCCN 2015042069. OCLC 948602857. OL 35828315M. Wikidata Q23831241.
^ "The World Factbook - WORLD". CIA.

[researchgate.net-2] Singh, Sikander (April 2019). "The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language". International Journal of Sikh Studies.

[Languages_of_India-4] Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. p. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.

[:0-5] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Routledge-6] Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and Old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.

[Oxford_University_Press-7] Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.

[University_of_California_Press-8] Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.

[Language_in_South_Asia-9] Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.

[10] "NCLM 52nd Report" (PDF). NCLM. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2020.

[11] "Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script". The Hindu. 21 February 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

[12] "All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister". The Indian Express. 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

[13] "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 25 June 2003. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2020.

[Telegraph:1-14] "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.

[16] India, Tribune (19 August 2020). "Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.

[17] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh

[bhardwaj-18] Mangat Rai Bhardwaj (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-138-79385-9. LCCN 2015042069. OCLC 948602857. OL 35828315M. Wikidata Q23831241.

[20] "The World Factbook - WORLD". CIA.

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Punjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی
'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi script (top) and Gurmukhi script used in (bottom)
Pronunciation	[pəɲˈdʒab̆.bi] ^ⓘ
Native to	Pakistan and India
Region	Punjab
Ethnicity	Punjabis
Native speakers	145 million (2011–2017)^[a]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi
Early forms	Prakrit (debated)^[b] Apabhraṃśa (debated) Old Punjabi^[2]^[3]^[4] Middle Punjabi^[5]^[6] Early Modern Punjabi^[7]
Dialects	See Punjabi dialects
Writing system	Shāhmukhī (majority, Pakistan) Gurmukhī (official, India) Punjabi Braille Historical Laṇḍā (Multani) Tākri Mahajani Devanāgarī
Official status
Official language in	India Punjab^[8]^[9] Haryana (additional)^[10] Delhi (additional)^[11] West Bengal (additional)^[c]
Recognised minority language in	Canada (Official third language in Parliament)
Regulated by	List Pakistan: Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture India: Department of Languages^[13]
Language codes
ISO 639-1	`pa`
ISO 639-2	`pan`
ISO 639-3	`pan`
Glottolog	`lahn1241`
Linguasphere	`59-AAF-e`
Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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