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Lahnda information


Lahnda
RegionWestern Punjab region
Language family
Indo-European
  • Indo-Iranian
    • Indo-Aryan
      • Northwestern
        • Punjabic
          • Lahnda
Writing system
Perso-Arabic
(Shahmukhi alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-2lah
ISO 639-3lah

Lahnda (/ˈlɑːndə/;[1] لہندا), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi,[2] is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a "macrolanguage"[3] or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.[4][a] Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain.[5] The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[4]

Lahnda includes the following languages: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), Jatki dialects, the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir), Khetrani (20,000 speakers in Balochistan), and Inku (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).[citation needed] Ethnologue also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 66 million people.[3][6]

  1. ^ "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". Languages of South Asia: A Guide (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 9781000831597. LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.
  3. ^ a b Lahnda at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  4. ^ a b Masica 1991, pp. 17–18.
  5. ^ Masica 1991, p. 18.
  6. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 198.


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link with the most typical representative of the North Western group – Lahnda. Closely connected with the dialects of the 'Western Hindi' group are Awadhi...

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ArabTeX

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quality ligatures for Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Pashto, Sindhi, Western Punjabi (Lahnda), Maghribi, Uyghur, Kashmiri, Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Ladino and Yiddish....

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Languages Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) • Haryanvi • Punjabi (and its dialects) • Lahnda • Rajasthani • Sindhi (and its dialects) • Braj • Khariboli Religion Hinduism •...

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written in the Gurmukhi script in various languages including Punjabi, Lahnda, regional Prakrits, Apabhramsa, Sanskrit, Hindi languages (Braj Bhasha,...

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Eastern Punjabi dialects Sansi Lahnda Hindko Inku Khetrani Pahari-Pothwari Saraiki...

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link with the most typical representative of the North Western group – Lahnda. Closely connected with the dialects of the 'Western Hindi' group are Awadhi...

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