Group of Northwestern Indo-Aryan language varieties
For the scripts, see Laṇḍā scripts.
Lahnda
Region
Western Punjab region
Language family
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan
Northwestern
Punjabic
Lahnda
Writing system
Perso-Arabic (Shahmukhi alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-2
lah
ISO 639-3
lah
Lahnda (/ˈlɑːndə/;[1]لہندا), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi,[2] is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a "macrolanguage"[3] or as a "series of dialects" by other authors.[4][a] Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain.[5] The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[4]
Lahnda includes the following languages: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), Jatki dialects, the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir), Khetrani (20,000 speakers in Balochistan), and Inku (a possibly extinct language of Afghanistan).[citation needed]Ethnologue also subsumes under Lahnda a group of varieties that it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 66 million people.[3][6]
^"Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^Zograph, G. A. (2023). "Chapter 3". Languages of South Asia: A Guide (Reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 9781000831597. LAHNDA – Lahnda (Lahndi) or Western Panjabi is the name given to a group of dialects spread over the northern half of Pakistan. In the north, they come into contact with the Dardic languages with which they share some common features, In the east, they turn gradually into Panjabi, and in the south into Sindhi. In the south-east there is a clearly defined boundary between Lahnda and Rajasthani, and in the west a similarly well-marked boundary between it and the Iranian languages Baluchi and Pushtu. The number of people speaking Lahnda can only be guessed at: it is probably in excess of 20 million.
^ abLahnda at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
^ abMasica 1991, pp. 17–18.
^Masica 1991, p. 18.
^Shackle 1979, p. 198.
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Lahnda (/ˈlɑːndə/; لہندا), also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan...
usually made between Punjabi in the east and the diverse group of "Lahnda" in the west. "Lahnda" typically subsumes the Saraiki and Hindko varieties, with Jhangvi...
Sarā'īkī; also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by 26 million people primarily in the south-western half of...
Look up Lahnda in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Western Punjabi may refer to: Lahnda, also known as "Western Punjabi", a linguistically defined group...
Hindko (ہندکو IPA: [ˈɦɪnd̪koː]) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in...
Punjabi.) Grierson proposed to name this putative language "Lahnda", and he dubbed as "Southern Lahnda" the coherent dialect cluster now known as Saraiki spoken...
Medieval Punjabi stage. Modern Punjabi has two main varieties, Western (Lahnda Punjab) and Eastern Punjabi (Charda Punjab), which have many dialects and...
Thari, Lasi and Kutchi. Saraiki (سرائیکی) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken in central and southeastern Pakistan, primarily in the southern...
particularly the speakers of various Hindko dialects of Western Punjabi (Lahnda). The origins of the term refer merely to the speakers of Indo-Aryan languages...
Pakistan. It was used to write Saraiki, often considered a dialect of Lahnda group of languages. The script was used for routine writing and commercial...
Punjab) Flag of Punjab, Pakistan, a symbol of Punjab, Province of Pakistan (Lahnda Punjab) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title...
Look up Lahnda in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lahanda may refer to: Lahnda, a language group of Western Punjab, Pakistan Lahanda, Bargarh, a village...
link with the most typical representative of the North Western group – Lahnda. Closely connected with the dialects of the 'Western Hindi' group are Awadhi...
Laṇḍā, a class of scripts in Northern India Landa de Matamoros, Mexico Lahnda, a group of language varieties also known as Western Punjabi Lamda (disambiguation)...
written in the Gurmukhi script in various languages including Punjabi, Lahnda, regional Prakrits, Apabhramsa, Sanskrit, Hindi languages (Braj Bhasha,...
link with the most typical representative of the North Western group – Lahnda. Closely connected with the dialects of the 'Western Hindi' group are Awadhi...
(Sanskrit: karma). Western Pahari languages (such as Dogri), Sindhi and Lahnda (Western Punjabi) also share this Dardic tendency to metathesis, though...