Afghanistan is a linguistically diverse nation, with upwards of 40 distinct languages.[3][Note 1] However, Dari[Note 2] and Pashto are two of the most prominent languages in the country, and have shared official status under various governments of Afghanistan. Dari, as a shared language between multiple ethnic groups in the country, has served as a historical lingua franca between different linguistic groups in the region and is the most widely understood language in the country.[4][5] Pashto is also widely spoken in the region; but the language does not have a diverse multi-ethnic population like Dari, and the language is not as commonly spoken by non-Pashtuns.[6][Note 3] Dari and Pashto are also (in a linguistic sense) "relatives", as both are Iranian languages.[7][8][9][10]
According to CIA World Factbook, Dari Persian is spoken by 50% (L1 + L2) and functions as the lingua franca, while Pashto is spoken by 50%, Uzbek 10%, English 5%, Turkmen 2%, Urdu 2%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, and Balochi 1% (2021 est). Data represent the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. The Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them.[11]
Both Persian and Pashto are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. Other regional languages, such as Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi and Nuristani, are spoken by minority groups across the country.
Minor languages include: Ashkunu, Kamkata-viri, Vasi-vari, Tregami and Kalasha-ala, Pamiri (Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi and Wakhi), Brahui, Arabic, and Pashai and Kyrgyz, and Punjabi.[12] Linguist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages,[3] with around 200 different dialects.
^"Language data for Afghanistan".
^"The 1997 CIA World Factbook Afghanistan" (PDF).
^ abHarald Haarmann: Sprachen-Almanach – Zahlen und Fakten zu allen Sprachen der Welt. Campus-Verl., Frankfurt/Main 2002, ISBN 3-593-36572-3, S.273–274; Afghanistan
^The Asia Foundation. A Survey of the Afghan People: Afghanistan in 2019.
^The Asia Foundation. Afghanistan in 2013: A Survey of the Afghan People.
^The Asia Foundation. Afghanistan in 2006: A Survey of the Afghan People.
^"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs". Sil.org. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
^"The World Factbook: Afghanistan". Cia.gov. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
^R. Farhadi and J. R. Perry, Kaboli, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, originally in Vol. XV, Fasc. 3, pp. 276–280, 2009.
^"Uncommon tongue: Pakistan's confusing move to Urdu". BBC News. 11 September 2015.
^The World Factbook
^Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781438108193. Afghan Hindus and Sikhs speak Hindi or Punjabi in addition to Pashto and Dari.
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