Global InformationProtein tag information
Protein tags are peptide sequences genetically grafted onto a recombinant protein. Tags are attached to proteins for various purposes. They can be added to either end of the target protein, so they are either C-terminus or N-terminus specific or are both C-terminus and N-terminus specific. Some tags are also inserted at sites within the protein of interest; they are known as internal tags.[1]
Affinity tags are appended to proteins so that they can be purified from their crude biological source using an affinity technique. Affinity tags include chitin binding protein (CBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), Strep-tag[2] and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The poly(His) tag is a widely used protein tag, which binds to matrices bearing immobilized metal ions.
Solubilization tags are used, especially for recombinant proteins expressed in species such as E. coli, to assist in the proper folding in proteins and keep them from aggregating in inclusion bodies. These tags include thioredoxin (TRX) and poly(NANP). Some affinity tags have a dual role as a solubilization agent, such as MBP and GST.
Chromatography tags are used to alter chromatographic properties of the protein to afford different resolution across a particular separation technique. Often, these consist of polyanionic amino acids, such as FLAG-tag or polyglutamate tag.[3]
Epitope tags are short peptide sequences which are chosen because high-affinity antibodies can be reliably produced in many different species. These are usually derived from viral genes, which explain their high immunoreactivity. Epitope tags include ALFA-tag, V5-tag, Myc-tag, HA-tag, Spot-tag, T7-tag and NE-tag. These tags are particularly useful for western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation experiments, although they also find use in antibody purification.
Fluorescence tags are used to give visual readout on a protein. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants are the most commonly used fluorescence tags.[4] More advanced applications of GFP include using it as a folding reporter (fluorescent if folded, colorless if not).
Protein tags may allow specific enzymatic modification (such as biotinylation by biotin ligase) or chemical modification (such as coupling to other proteins through SpyCatcher or reaction with FlAsH-EDT2 for fluorescence imaging). Often tags are combined, in order to connect proteins to multiple other components. However, with the addition of each tag comes the risk that the native function of the protein may be compromised by interactions with the tag. Therefore, after purification, tags are sometimes removed by specific proteolysis (e.g. by TEV protease, Thrombin, Factor Xa or Enteropeptidase) or intein splicing.
- ^ Mahmoudi Gomari, Mohammad; Saraygord-Afshari, Neda; Farsimadan, Marziye; Rostami, Neda; Aghamiri, Shahin; Farajollahi, Mohammad M. (December 2020). "Opportunities and challenges of the tag-assisted protein purification techniques: Applications in the pharmaceutical industry". Biotechnology Advances. 45: 107653. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107653. ISSN 0734-9750. PMID 33157154. S2CID 226276355.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Fairhead M, Krndija D, Lowe ED, Howarth M (January 2014). "Plug-and-play pairing via defined divalent streptavidins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 426 (1): 199–214. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.016. PMC 4047826. PMID 24056174.
- ^ Zhang, Jin; Campbell, Robert; Ting, Alice; Tsien, Roger (2002). "Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology". Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 3 (12): 906–918. doi:10.1038/nrm976. PMID 12461557. S2CID 11588100.