Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV,[5]: 6822 [6] is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme. The activated form plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, and cell death and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals. Activated protein C (APC) performs these operations primarily by proteolytically inactivating proteins Factor Va and Factor VIIIa. APC is classified as a serine protease since it contains a residue of serine in its active site.[7]: 35 In humans, protein C is encoded by the PROC gene, which is found on chromosome 2.[8]
The zymogenic form of protein C is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein that circulates in blood plasma. Its structure is that of a two-chain polypeptide consisting of a light chain and a heavy chain connected by a disulfide bond.[8]: 4673 The protein C zymogen is activated when it binds to thrombin, another protein heavily involved in coagulation, and protein C's activation is greatly promoted by the presence of thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptors (EPCRs). Because of EPCR's role, activated protein C is found primarily near endothelial cells (i.e., those that make up the walls of blood vessels), and it is these cells and leukocytes (white blood cells) that APC affects.[7]: 34 [9]: 3162 Because of the crucial role that protein C plays as an anticoagulant, those with deficiencies in protein C, or some kind of resistance to APC, suffer from a significantly increased risk of forming dangerous blood clots (thrombosis).
Research into the clinical use of a recombinant form of human Activated Protein C (rhAPC) known as Drotrecogin alfa-activated, branded Xigris by Eli Lilly and Company, has been surrounded by controversy. Eli Lilly ran an aggressive marketing campaign to promote its use for people with severe sepsis and septic shock and sponsored the 2004 Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines.[10] However, a 2012 Cochrane review found that its use cannot be recommended since it does not improve survival and increases bleeding risk.[11] In October 2011, Xigris was withdrawn from the market by Eli Lilly due to a higher mortality in a trial among adults.[12]
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115718 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024386 – Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Hall JA, Morton I (1999). Concise dictionary of pharmacological agents: properties and synonyms. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 978-0-7514-0499-9.
^Cite error: The named reference morton was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference nicolaes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference foster was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference mosnier was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid17050887 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid23235609 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Kylat was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
ProteinC, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV,: 6822 is a zymogen, that is, an inactive enzyme. The activated form plays...
In cell biology, Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the...
target the proteins encoded by oncogenes. Oncogenes are a physically and functionally diverse set of genes, and as a result, their protein products have...
enzymes known as protein kinases which also attach phosphates to other amino acids such as serine and threonine. Phosphorylation of proteins by kinases is...
identified. Acquired proteinC deficiency is caused by either depletion of available proteinC in plasma or decreased proteinC synthesis (caused by administration...
ProteinC deficiency is a rare genetic trait that predisposes to thrombotic disease. It was first described in 1981. The disease belongs to a group of...
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions...
activated proteinC (APC). ProteinC is activated in a sequence that starts with ProteinC and thrombin binding to a cell surface protein thrombomodulin...
Surfactant proteinC (SP-C), is one of the pulmonary surfactant proteins. In humans this is encoded by the SFTPC gene. It is a membrane protein. SFTPC is...
ProteinC inhibitor (PCI, SERPINA5) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that limits the activity of proteinC (an anticoagulant). An N-terminal fragment...
cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of serine-threonine kinase whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). PKA is...
Activated proteinC resistance (APCR) is a hypercoagulability (an increased tendency of the blood to clot) characterized by a lack of a response to activated...
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside...
Protein kinase B (PKB), also known as Akt, is the collective name of a set of three serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that play key roles in multiple...
The activated proteinC resistance (APCR) test is a coagulation test used in the evaluation and diagnosis of activated proteinC (APC) resistance, a form...
perturbing the protein indirectly, such as by targeting the mRNA for the protein rather than via a small molecule that targets the protein itself. c-Myc also...
play a role in the protein functions as either a cofactor for activated proteinC (APC) or in binding C4BP. Additionally, protein S has a peptide between...
other organs. The condition has also been described in adults. ProteinC and protein S deficiency have also been associated with an increased risk of...
Endothelial proteinC receptor (EPCR) also known as activated proteinC receptor (APC receptor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROCR gene...
cofactor to activate proteinC in the degradation of factor Va and factor VIIIa. Decreased (antigen) levels or impaired function of protein S leads to decreased...
Global Information
