Periapical dental radiograph showing chronic periapical periodontitis on the root of the left maxillary second premolar. Note large restoration present in the tooth, which will have undergone pulpal necrosis at some point before the development of this lesion.
Specialty
Dentistry
Periapical periodontitis or apical periodontitis[1] (AP) is an acute or chronic inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth root, most commonly caused by bacterial invasion of the pulp of the tooth.[2] It is a likely outcome of untreated dental caries (tooth decay), and in such cases it can be considered a sequela in the natural history of tooth decay, irreversible pulpitis and pulpal necrosis. Other causes can include occlusal trauma due to 'high spots' after restoration work, extrusion from the tooth of root filling material, or bacterial invasion and infection from the gums. Periapical periodontitis may develop into a periapical abscess, where a collection of pus forms at the end of the root, the consequence of spread of infection from the tooth pulp (odontogenic infection), or into a periapical cyst, where an epithelial lined, fluid-filled structure forms.
Etymologically, the name refers to inflammation (Latin, -itis) around (peri- ) the root tip or apex (-apical) of the tooth (-odont-). Periradicular periodontitis is an alternative term.
^Nair PN (April 2006). "On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review". International Endodontic Journal. 39 (4): 249–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01099.x. PMID 16584489.
^Segura-Egea JJ, Castellanos-Cosano L, Machuca G, López-López J, Martín-González J, Velasco-Ortega E, et al. (March 2012). "Diabetes mellitus, periapical inflammation and endodontic treatment outcome". Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 17 (2): e356-61. doi:10.4317/medoral.17452. PMC 3448330. PMID 22143698.
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