The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt and the HMP Shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis.[1] It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides.[1] While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. The pathway is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes). The reactions of the pathway were elucidated in the early 1950s by Bernard Horecker and co-workers.[2][3]
There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosol; in plants, most steps take place in plastids.[4]
Like glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway appears to have a very ancient evolutionary origin. The reactions of this pathway are mostly enzyme-catalyzed in modern cells, however, they also occur non-enzymatically under conditions that replicate those of the Archean ocean, and are catalyzed by metal ions, particularly ferrous ions (Fe(II)).[5] This suggests that the origins of the pathway could date back to the prebiotic world.
^ abAlfarouk KO, Ahmed SB, Elliott RL, et al. (2020). "The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dynamics in Cancer and Its Dependency on Intracellular pH". Metabolites. 10: 285. doi:10.3390/metabo10070285. PMC 7407102. PMID 32664469.
^Horecker BL, Smyrniotis PZ, Seegmiller JE (1951). "The enzymatic conversion of 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose-5-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate". J. Biol. Chem. 193 (1): 383–396. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52464-4. PMID 14907726.
^Horecker BL (2002). "The pentose phosphate pathway". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (50): 47965–47971. doi:10.1074/jbc.X200007200. PMID 12403765.
^Kruger NJ, von Schaewen A (June 2003). "The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway: structure and organisation". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 6 (3): 236–246. Bibcode:2003COPB....6..236K. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00039-6. PMID 12753973.
^Keller MA, Turchyn AV, Ralser M (25 April 2014). "Non-enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway-like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean". Molecular Systems Biology. 10 (4): 725. doi:10.1002/msb.20145228. PMC 4023395. PMID 24771084.
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The pentosephosphatepathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt and the HMP Shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel...
an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that make up glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentosephosphatepathway, can occur in the oxygen-free...
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the pentosephosphatepathway, by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in the first step. The pentosephosphatepathway also produces pentose, another...
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for the nonoxidative phase of the pentosephosphatepathway. This enzyme has also been implicated in additional pentose and glucuronate interconversions...
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synthase, and chorismate synthase. The pathway starts with two substrates, phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate, and ends with chorismate (chrorismic...
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as its 5-phosphate ester is typically produced from glucose by the pentosephosphatepathway. In at least some archaea, alternative pathways have been...
Transaldolase is an enzyme (EC 2.2.1.2) of the non-oxidative phase of the pentosephosphatepathway. In humans, transaldolase is encoded by the TALDO1 gene. The following...
kinase, XK, to result in D-xylulose-5-phosphate which is an intermediate of the pentosephosphatepathway. In this pathway the enzyme xylose isomerase converts...
intermediates such as glucose-6-phosphate into the pentosephosphatepathway to give ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH. Ribose-5-phosphate acts as an intermediate...
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