Collage of living perissodactyls, clockwise from left: plains zebra (Equus quagga), Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
Macrauchenia patachonica (Litopterna)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Mirorder:
Euungulata
Clade:
Panperissodactyla Welker et al, 2015[1]
Subgroups
[see classification]
Synonyms
Pan-Perissodactyla[2] (alternative spelling)
Panperissodactyla ("all perissodactyls", alternatively spelled Pan-Perissodactyla[2]) is a clade of ungulates containing living order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) and all extinct ungulates more closely related to Perissodactyla than to Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates).[1]
Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia (including the families Anthracobunidae and Cambaytheriidae) known from the Paleogene of the Indian subcontinent,[3][4] as well as the South American native ungulate groups Litopterna and Notoungulata, both of which went extinct approximately 12,000 years ago.[1] Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain.[5] The enigmatic aquatic Desmostylia have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as members of afrotherian clade Tethytheria.[6] The Northern Hemisphere "condylarth" group Phenacodontidae has been placed as closely related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.[1]
^ abcdWelker, F.; Collins, M.J.; Thomas, J.A.; Wadsley, M.; Brace, S.; Cappellini, E.; Turvey, S.T.; Reguero, M.; Gelfo, J.N.; Kramarz, A.; Burger, J.; Thomas-Oates, J.; Ashford, D.A.; Ashton, P.D.; Rowsell, K.; Porter, D.M.; Kessler, B.; Fischer, R.; Baessmann, C.; Kaspar, S.; Olsen, J.V.; Kiley, P.; Elliott, J.A.; Kelstrup, C.D.; Mullin, V.; Hofreiter, M.; Willerslev, E.; Hublin, J.-J.; Orlando, L.; Barnes, I. & MacPhee, R.D.E. (2015). "Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates". Nature. 522 (7554): 81–84. Bibcode:2015Natur.522...81W. doi:10.1038/nature14249. hdl:11336/14769. OCLC 5837017277. PMID 25799987. S2CID 4467386.
^ abChimento, N.R.; Agnolin, F.L. (2020). "Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): Article number 13280. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013280C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5. PMC 7413542. PMID 32764723.
^Cooper, L.N.; Seiffert, E.R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S.I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S.T.; Thewissen, J.G.M. (2014). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. OCLC 5654357491. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875. S2CID 2989266.
^Cite error: The named reference Rose et al, 2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Macphee, Ross D. E. (March 2023). "Did some extinct South American native ungulates arise from an afrothere ancestor? A critical appraisal of Avilla and Mothé's (2021) Sudamericungulata – Panameridiungulata hypothesis". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09633-5. ISSN 1064-7554. S2CID 253433775.
^Matsui, Kumiko; Tsuihiji, Takanobu (2019-10-17). "The phylogeny of desmostylians revisited: proposal of new clades based on robust phylogenetic hypotheses". PeerJ. 7: e7430. doi:10.7717/peerj.7430. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6800978. PMID 31637114.
Panperissodactyla ("all perissodactyls", alternatively spelled Pan-Perissodactyla) is a clade of ungulates containing living order Perissodactyla (odd-toed...
including rhinoceroses, tapirs and equines as part of the clade Panperissodactyla. However their relationships to other South American ungulates are...
the Litopterna-Notoungulata, are now in the higher-level taxon of Panperissodactyla. This kinship group is included among the Euungulata, which also contains...
containing living equines, rhinoceros and tapirs) as part of the clade Panperissodactyla, with the split from Perissodactyla being estimated at around 66 million...
rhinoceroses, and tapirs) among living mammals, as part of the clade Panperissodactyla, which has also been supported by some analyses of morphology. However...
(which contains equids, rhinoceroses and tapirs) as part of the clade Panperissodactyla, making them true ungulates. This finding has been corroborated by...
; González-José, Rolando (2020-12-16). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic...
; González-José, Rolando (2020-12-16). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic...
Cambaytheriidae is a family of primitive four or five-toed ungulates native to the Indian subcontinent. They lived during the Early Eocene epoch and are...
; González-José, Rolando (2021-02-11). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic...
Cambaytherium is an extinct genus of placental mammals in the family Cambaytheriidae whose fossils were found in an open pit coal mine located in Gujarat...
Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period. They were originally considered to be a paraphyletic...
; González-José, Rolando (2021-02-11). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic...
Chornogubsky, L.; Fernicola, J. C. (2022). "A new SANU (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla) from the early Eocene levels of the Lumbrera Formation at Los Cardones...
; González-José, Rolando (2021-02-11). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic...
; González-José, Rolando (2021-02-11). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic...
Ciancio, M. R.; González-José, R. (2021). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic...
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