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Perissodactyla
Temporal range: 56–0 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Latest Paleocene–present[1]
Clockwise from left: plains zebra (Equus quagga), Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Clade:
Perissodactylamorpha
Order:
Perissodactyla Owen, 1848
Families
†Hyopsodontidae[2]
†Brontotheriidae (brontotheres)
Hippomorpha
Equoidea
Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras)
†Palaeotheriidae
Tapiromorpha
†Isectolophidae
†Ancylopoda
†Chalicotherioidea
†Chalicotheriidae (chalicotheres)
†Eomoropidae
†Lophiodontidae
Ceratomorpha
Tapiroidea
†Deperetellidae
†Helaletidae
Tapiridae (tapirs)
Rhinocerotoidea (rhinoceroses sensu lato)
†Amynodontidae
†Hyracodontidae
†Paraceratheriidae
†Eggysodontidae
Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses sensu stricto)
The white rhinoceros is the largest living perissodactyl
Perissodactyla (/pəˌrɪsoʊˈdæktɪlə/, from Ancient Greek περισσός, perissós 'odd', and δάκτυλος, dáktylos 'finger, toe'[3]) is an order of ungulates. The order includes about 17 living species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs). They typically have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three or one of the five original toes, though tapirs retain four toes on their front feet. The nonweight-bearing toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) bear most of their weight equally on four or two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that perissodactyls digest plant cellulose in their intestines, rather than in one or more stomach chambers as artiodactyls, with the exception of Suina, do.
The order was considerably more diverse in the past, with notable extinct groups include the brontotheres, palaeotheres, chalicotheres, and the paraceratheres, with the paraceratheres including the largest known land mammals to have ever existed.
Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in the 19th century by the zoologist Richard Owen, who also coined the order's name.
^"PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva (2014). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran' Hyopsodus lepidus". Historical Biology. 27 (8): 8. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823. S2CID 84391276.
^"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
Perissodactyla (/pəˌrɪsoʊˈdæktɪlə/, from Ancient Greek περισσός, perissós 'odd', and δάκτυλος, dáktylos 'finger, toe') is an order of ungulates. The order...
America and Southeast Asia. They are one of three extant branches of Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates), alongside equines and rhinoceroses. Only a single...
perissodactyls", alternatively spelled Pan-Perissodactyla) is a clade of ungulates containing living order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) and all extinct...
Equus, which originated in North America. Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes the extant tapirs and rhinoceros, and several extinct...
distant clade Afrotheria. Living ungulates are divided into two orders: Perissodactyla including equines, rhinoceroses, and tapirs; and Artiodactyla including...
Sellards, 1918 †Tapirus webbi Hulbert, 2005 Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World:...
Brontotheriidae is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially...
with the brontotheres as the most distantly related within the order Perissodactyla. Zhan-Xiang, Q. I. U. (2002-12-15). "HESPEROTHERIUM - A NEW GENUS OF...
relationships of the five extant Rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. "Definition...
Perissodactyla is an order of placental mammals composed of odd-toed ungulates – hooved animals which bear weight on one or three of their five toes with...
θηρ/thēr : beast) is a genus of extinct odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla and family Chalicotheriidae. The genus is known from Europe and Asia...
PMID 6473699. S2CID 30816018. Vaughan TA, Ryan JM, Czaplewski NJ (2011). "Perissodactyla". Mammalogy (5th ed.). Jones and Bartlett. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-7637-6299-5...
could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past...
and secondarily lost in modern members, like carnivorans and crown Perissodactyla. Previous study has shown that these S-shaped zygapophyses prevent torsion...
one of the four recognized species in the tapir family (of the order Perissodactyla, with the mountain tapir, the Malayan tapir, and the Baird's tapir)...
The mammal species of Borneo include 288 species of terrestrial and 91 species of marine mammals recorded within the territorial boundaries of Brunei,...
Pantomesaxonia (Sirenia, Desmostylia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Perissodactyla) are sister groups together making up the superorder Paenungulata. Altungulata...
Common names: Turkmen Kulan, Turkmenian Wild Ass (Horses and Asses (Perissodactyla Equidae) > Equus hemionus > Equus hemionus kulan)". Archived from the...
This is a list of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies. It includes all known species that have had their tissues partially preserved within...
Status. Springer, New York, Heidelberg, London. Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World:...
Pegasoferae (a clade of mammals that includes orders Chiroptera, Carnivora, Perissodactyla and Pholidota) was proposed as part of the clade Scrotifera and a sister...
ungulates which had not been clearly established as part of either Perissodactyla or Artiodactyla, being composed thus of several unrelated lineages....
2020-12-21. Deng, Tao (2005-06-27). "New discovery of Iranotherium morgani (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu...
The following is a list of largest mammals by family. The largest of these insectivorous mammals is the giant otter shrew (Potamogale velox), native to...
There are currently 1,258 genera, 161 families, 27 orders, and around 5,937 recognized living species of mammal. Mammalian taxonomy is in constant flux...
maintained under 24-hour armed guard in Kenya. Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World:...
origin of Deperetellidae and the pattern of premolar molarization in Perissodactyla". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0225045. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1425045B. doi:10.1371/journal...
The Petralona Cave (Greek: Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων) a karst formation, is located at 300 m (984 ft) above sea-level on the western foot of Mount Katsika, about...
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