South American native ungulates, commonly abbreviated as SANUs, are extinct ungulate-like mammals of controversial affinities that were indigenous to South America prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange. They comprise five major groups conventionally ranked as orders—Astrapotheria, Litopterna, Notoungulata, Pyrotheria, and Xenungulata—as well as the primitive "condylarth" groups Didolodontidae and Kollpaniinae. It has been proposed that some or all of the members of this group form a clade, named Meridiungulata, though the relationships of South American ungulates remain largely unresolved. The two largest groups of South American ungulates, the notoungulates and the litopterns, were the only groups to persist beyond the mid Miocene. Only a few of the largest species of notoungulates and litopterns survived until the end-Pleistocene extinction event around 12,000 years ago where they became extinct with most other large mammals in the Americas, shortly after the first arrival of humans into the region.
Though most SANUs lived in South America, astrapotheres and litopterns are known from Eocene aged deposits in the Antarctic Peninsula[1] and the notoungulate Mixotoxodon spread as far north as what is now Texas during the Pleistocene as part of the Great American Biotic Interchange.[2]
^Croft, Gelfo & López 2020.
^Lundelius et al. 2013.
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SouthAmericannativeungulates, commonly abbreviated as SANUs, are extinct ungulate-like mammals of controversial affinities that were indigenous to South...
rabbits and rhinoceroses. Notoungulata are the largest group of SouthAmericannativeungulates, with over 150 genera in 14 families having been described...
Pan-Perissodactyla) is a clade of ungulates containing living order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) and all extinct ungulates more closely related to Perissodactyla...
among native Neotropic ungulates. Jerison also found that Neogene xenarthrans had low EQs, similar to those he obtained for SouthAmericanungulates. The...
member of Notoungulata, an order of extinct SouthAmericannativeungulates distinct from the two living ungulate orders that had been indigenous to the continent...
group of SouthAmericannativeungulates distinct from the two orders which contain all living ungulates which had been present in SouthAmerica since the...
equines Hippidion and Equus neogeus, and all remaining SouthAmericannativeungulates. SouthAmerica is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when...
early Cenozoic SouthAmerican therian groups however (Marsupialia, Sparassodonta, Xenarthra and the various SouthAmericannativeungulates). Patagomaia...
ocean-dwelling cetaceans evolved from land-dwelling even-toed ungulates. Some semiaquatic even-toed ungulates (hippopotamuses) are more closely related to ocean-dwelling...
Ungulates (/ˈʌŋɡjʊleɪts, -ɡjə-, -lɪts, -ləts/ UNG-gyuu-layts, -gyə-, -lits, -ləts) are members of the diverse clade Euungulata ("true ungulates"), which...
Union, a political party in Sudan SouthAmericannativeungulates (SANUs), prehistoric hoofed mammals of SouthAmerica Sanu railway station, a railway station...
Guillermo M. (2020-05-30). "Splendid Innovation: The Extinct SouthAmericanNativeUngulates". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 48 (1): 259–290...
Proterotheriidae is an extinct family of litoptern ungulates known from the Eocene-Late Pleistocene of SouthAmerica. Members of the group were small-medium sized...
was the last and largest litoptern, an order of extinct SouthAmericannativeungulates. American lions (Panthera atrox) Woolly mammoth The subfossil lemur...
Pyrotheria is an order of extinct meridiungulate mammals. These elephant-like ungulates include the genera Baguatherium, Carolozittelia, Colombitherium, Griphodon...
2018. Systematics of the SouthAmericanNativeUngulates and the Neogene Evolution of Mammals from Northern SouthAmerica (PhD thesis), 1–285. University...
Amilnedwardsia is a genus of extinct ungulates in the family Macraucheniidae. The type species is Amilnedwardsia brevicula which lived between 47.8 and...
continent's native fauna (Such as the large terror birds like Titanis, megafaunal members of Dinomyidae, and various SouthAmericannativeungulates), with...
ISBN 0-231-11013-8 Cifelli, Richard L. 1993. The phylogeny of the nativeSouthAmericanungulates. pp. 195-216 in F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek and M. C. McKenna...
Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (2018). "The Neogene record of northern SouthAmericannativeungulates". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 101 (101): iv-67...
"Final Gondwana breakup: The Paleogene SouthAmericannativeungulates and the demise of the SouthAmerica–Antarctica land connection". Global and Planetary...
reports of the SouthAmericannativeungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay". Journal of SouthAmerican Earth Sciences...
skunk pig) is a pig-like ungulate of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs). They are found throughout Central and SouthAmerica, Trinidad in the Caribbean...
reports of the nativeSouthAmericanungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay". Journal of SouthAmerican Earth Sciences...
Xenungulata ("strange ungulates") is an order of extinct and primitive SouthAmerican hoofed mammals that lived from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene...
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