Pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas.[1] The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and a number of hormones.[1] There are two main types: acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis.[1]
Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting.[1] The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe.[1] In acute pancreatitis, a fever may occur; symptoms typically resolve in a few days.[1] In chronic pancreatitis weight loss, fatty stool, and diarrhea may occur.[1][5] Complications may include infection, bleeding, diabetes mellitus, or problems with other organs.[1]
The two most common causes of acute pancreatitis are a gallstone blocking the common bile duct after the pancreatic duct has joined; and heavy alcohol use.[1] Other causes include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as mumps, and tumors.[1] Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis.[1] It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use.[1]
Other causes include high levels of blood fats, high blood calcium, some medications, and certain genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, among others.[1] Smoking increases the risk of both acute and chronic pancreatitis.[3][4] Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either amylase or lipase.[1] In chronic pancreatitis, these tests may be normal.[1] Medical imaging such as ultrasound and CT scan may also be useful.[1]
Acute pancreatitis is usually treated with intravenous fluids, pain medication, and sometimes antibiotics.[1] Typically eating and drinking are disallowed, and a nasogastric tube is placed in the stomach.[1] A procedure known as an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be done to examine the distal common bile duct and remove a gallstone if present.[1] In those with gallstones the gallbladder is often also removed.[1] In chronic pancreatitis, in addition to the above, temporary feeding through a nasogastric tube may be used to provide adequate nutrition.[1] Long-term dietary changes and pancreatic enzyme replacement may be required.[1] Occasionally, surgery is done to remove parts of the pancreas.[1]
Globally, in 2015 about 8.9 million cases of pancreatitis occurred.[6] This resulted in 132,700 deaths, up from 83,000 deaths in 1990.[7][8] Acute pancreatitis occurs in about 30 per 100,000 people a year.[3] New cases of chronic pancreatitis develop in about 8 per 100,000 people a year and currently affect about 50 per 100,000 people in the United States.[9] It is more common in men than women.[1] Often chronic pancreatitis starts between the ages of 30 and 40 and is rare in children.[1] Acute pancreatitis was first described on autopsy in 1882 while chronic pancreatitis was first described in 1946.[9]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadae"Pancreatitis". niddk.nih.gov. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^"Patient Care & Health Information > Diseases & Conditions: Pancreatitis". Mayo Clinic. 4 June 2022.
^ abcLankisch PG, Apte M, Banks PA (July 2015). "Acute pancreatitis". Lancet. 386 (9988): 85–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60649-8. PMID 25616312. S2CID 25600369.
^ abYadav D, Lowenfels AB (June 2013). "The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer". Gastroenterology. 144 (6): 1252–61. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.068. PMC 3662544. PMID 23622135.
^ abWitt H, Apte MV, Keim V, Wilson JS (April 2007). "Chronic pancreatitis: challenges and advances in pathogenesis, genetics, diagnosis, and therapy". Gastroenterology. 132 (4): 1557–73. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.001. PMID 17466744.
^ abVos T, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
^ abWang H, et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
^GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
^ abMuniraj T, Aslanian HR, Farrell J, Jamidar PA (December 2014). "Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features". Disease-a-Month. 60 (12): 530–50. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2014.11.002. PMID 25510320.
hormones. There are two main types: acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea...
in children, mumps. Acute pancreatitis may be a single event; it may be recurrent; or it may progress to chronic pancreatitis. Mild cases are usually successfully...
synergistic effect with regards to the development of chronic pancreatitis. Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer...
Canine pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can occur in two very different forms. Acute pancreatitis is sudden, while chronic pancreatitis is...
Autoimmune Pancreatitis (AIP) is an increasingly recognized type of chronic pancreatitis that can be difficult to distinguish from pancreatic carcinoma...
for autoimmune pancreatitis, and the cessation of any medication triggers. Chronic pancreatitis refers to the development of pancreatitis over time. It...
acute pancreatitis. This can cause organ failure, necrosis, infected necrosis, pseudocyst, and abscess. If diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis, people...
seven (7q35). The term "hereditary pancreatitis" is used when a genetic biomarker is identified, and "familial pancreatitis" otherwise. HP is characterised...
subside over time. Other serious side effects may include angioedema, pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, and kidney problems. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding...
causing acute pancreatitis. The most prominent cause of acute pancreatitis is gallstones. Permanent damage is possible from chronic pancreatitis due to progressive...
cancer, and hemosuccus pancreaticus. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. There are two forms of pancreatitis, which are different in causes and...
pancreatitis. Ultrasound is frequently the first investigation performed on admission; although it has little value in the diagnosis of pancreatitis or...
Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with 1–4% of all cases of pancreatitis. The symptoms are similar to pancreatitis secondary to other causes, although the presence...
distress syndrome. Causes include perforation of the intestinal tract, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, stomach ulcer, cirrhosis, a ruptured appendix...
of chronic pancreatitis. Removal of the head of the pancreas can relieve pancreatic duct obstruction associated with chronic pancreatitis. Damage to the...
ulinastatin has been clinically used for the treatment of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, burns, septic shock, and toxic...
is some evidence that atorvastatin use may increase the risk of acute pancreatitis, in people who are already at a higher risk. However, there is also evidence...
side effects may include angioedema, low blood sugar, kidney problems, pancreatitis, and joint pain. Whether use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe is...
inflammation related to a bacterial infection or non-infectious causes (e.g. pancreatitis). Most commonly, it is used in contradistinction to a "walled-off" pus-filled...
The European Registry of Hereditary Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer (EUROPAC) was started by John Neoptolemos and colleagues in 1997 and has become...
serious side effects may include medullary thyroid cancer, angioedema, pancreatitis, and kidney injury. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear...
activation of trypsinogen in the pancreas can lead to pancreatitis. Some type of pancreatitis may be associated with mutant forms of trypsinogen. A mutation...
episodes of abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting due to acute or chronic pancreatitis. The presence of pancreas divisum is usually identified with cross sectional...
cirrhosis. Other causes include cancer, heart failure, tuberculosis, pancreatitis, and blockage of the hepatic vein. In cirrhosis, the underlying mechanism...
and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. It is used to induce pancreatitis in experimental animal models. Ceruletide was discovered and its structure...
cancer, and pancreatitis. It is performed for a variety of reasons, including: Inflammation Necrotising pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis with pain Trauma...
has also been linked to tropical fibrocalcific pancreatitis in humans, leading to chronic pancreatitis. Symptoms of acute cyanide intoxication appear...
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