Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Penicillin Roquefort toxin (PR toxin) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Penicillium roqueforti. In 1973, PR toxin was first partially characterized by isolating moldy corn on which the fungi had grown.[1] Although its lethal dose was determined shortly after the isolation of the chemical, details of its toxic effects were not fully clarified until 1982 in a study with mice, rats, anesthetized cats and preparations of isolated rat auricles.[2]
^Wei, R.D.; et al. (1973-01-25). "Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti". American Society for Microbiology. 25 (1): 111–114. doi:10.1128/am.25.1.111-114.1973. PMC 380745. PMID 4687064.
^Chen, F.C.; et al. (1982). "Acute toxicity of PR toxin, a mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti'". Toxicon. 20 (2): 433–441. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(82)90006-x. PMID 7080052.
Penicillin Roquefort toxin (PRtoxin) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Penicillium roqueforti. In 1973, PRtoxin was first partially characterized...
present at low levels, penicillic acid and PRtoxin are unstable in the cheese. Because of the instability of PRtoxin and lack of optimal environmental conditions...
roqueforti, and is likely a precursor to the toxin known as PRtoxin, made in large amounts by the fungus. PR-toxin has been implicated in incidents of mycotoxicoses...
YWA1/melanin, andrastatin A, fungisporin, secalonic acids, sorbicillin, and PR-toxin. Like the many other species of the genus Penicillium, P. chrysogenum usually...
paralysis. The toxin causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes. Botulinum toxin is an acetylcholine...
The species was first described in 1965. It has been reported to produce PR-toxin. A. crustosus has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA)...
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by bacterial toxins. Symptoms may include fever, rash, skin peeling, and low blood pressure. There may...
Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological...
myonecrosis through the release of exotoxins such as the alpha toxin, lethal toxin, and hemolytic toxin Clostridium septicum is a large, gram-positive, rod-shaped...
surface of muscle cells and cause depolarisation → the toxin prevents muscle contraction. These toxins may cause the heart to beat irregularly or stop beating...
ganglia. Other mechanisms include direct nerve injury by the organism or a toxin, or autoimmune mechanisms. Malfunction of the sodium-potassium pump may...
hours) by producing toxins, such as the high molecular weight insecticidal protein complex Tca. P. luminescens also produces a proteic toxin through the expression...
Clostridioides difficile toxin B (TcdB) is a cytotoxin produced by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile. It is one of two major kinds of toxins produced by C....
role of LaeA and velvet complex proteins on expression of β-lactam and PR-toxin genes in Penicillium chrysogenum: cross-talk regulation of secondary metabolite...
produce multiple toxins. The most well-characterized are enterotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin A) and cytotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin B), both of...
aureus delta toxin is a toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It has a wide spectrum of cytolytic activity. It is among other toxins produced by S...
Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae). Cyanobacteria are found almost everywhere, but particularly in lakes...
Lonomia caterpillars, it was not known that caterpillars could produce toxins in sufficient quantities to kill a human. Lonomia obliqua is found in the...
or whooping cough. Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, fimbria, and tracheal...
also been named ω-Phoneutria nigriventer toxin ω-PnTx3-3 and Tx3-4, phonetoxin IIA or ω-Ptx-IIA. These toxins act as broad-spectrum calcium channel blockers...
the southwestern United States. It is well known for its ability to exude toxins from glands within its skin that have psychoactive properties. The Colorado...
Stichodactyla toxin (ShK, ShkT) is a 35-residue basic peptide from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus that blocks a number of potassium channels...
accordance with the produced toxin causing this affinity. When different toxins are produced on the same host, but these toxins affect different host species...
approach for the treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Botulinum toxin A injections as well as similar techniques such as platelet-rich plasma...
gene encoding for the Shiga toxin from the Shigella bacteria to E. coli helped produce E. coli O157:H7, the Shiga toxin-producing strain of E. coli....
in humans. Unlike normal flora E. coli, the pathogenic varieties produce toxins and other virulence factors that enable them to reside in parts of the body...
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