Softening of bones due to impaired bone metabolism
Medical condition
Osteomalacia
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), deficiency of which is the most common cause of Osteomalacia
Specialty
Rheumatology
Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium. The impairment of bone metabolism causes inadequate bone mineralization. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets, and because of this, use of the term "osteomalacia" is often restricted to the milder, adult form of the disease. Signs and symptoms can include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragility of the bones. In addition to low systemic levels of circulating mineral ions (for example, caused by vitamin D deficiency or renal phosphate wasting) that result in decreased bone and tooth mineralization, accumulation of mineralization-inhibiting proteins and peptides (such as osteopontin and ASARM peptides), and small inhibitory molecules (such as pyrophosphate), can occur in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth, contributing locally to cause matrix hypomineralization (osteomalacia/odontomalacia).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] A relationship describing local, physiologic double-negative (inhibiting inhibitors) regulation of mineralization has been termed the Stenciling Principle of mineralization, whereby enzyme-substrate pairs imprint mineralization patterns into the extracellular matrix (most notably described for bone) by degrading mineralization inhibitors (e.g. TNAP/TNSALP/ALPL enzyme degrading the pyrophosphate inhibition, and PHEX enzyme degrading the osteopontin inhibition).[8][9] The Stenciling Principle for mineralization is particularly relevant to the osteomalacia and odontomalacia observed in hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH).
The most common cause of osteomalacia is a deficiency of vitamin D, which is normally derived from sunlight exposure and, to a lesser extent, from the diet.[10] The most specific screening test for vitamin D deficiency in otherwise healthy individuals is a serum 25(OH)D level.[11] Less common causes of osteomalacia can include hereditary deficiencies of vitamin D or phosphate (which would typically be identified in childhood) or malignancy.
Vitamin D and calcium supplements are measures that can be used to prevent and treat osteomalacia. Vitamin D should always be administered in conjunction with calcium supplementation (as the pair work together in the body) since most of the consequences of vitamin D deficiency are a result of impaired mineral ion homeostasis.[11]
Nursing home residents and the housebound elderly population are at particular risk for vitamin D deficiency, as these populations typically receive little sun exposure. In addition, both the efficiency of vitamin D synthesis in the skin and the absorption of vitamin D from the intestine decline with age, thus further increasing the risk in these populations. Other groups at risk include individuals with absorption secondary to gastrointestinal bypass surgery or Celiac disease, and individuals who immigrate from warm climates to cold climates, especially women who wear traditional veils or dresses that prevent sun exposure.[12]
^McKee, MD; Buss, DJ; Reznikov, N (13 December 2021). "Mineral tessellation in bone and the stenciling principle for extracellular matrix mineralization". Journal of Structural Biology. 214 (1): 107823. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107823. PMID 34915130. S2CID 245187449.
^Buss, DJ; Reznikov, N; McKee, MD (1 November 2020). "Crossfibrillar mineral tessellation in normal and Hyp mouse bone as revealed by 3D FIB-SEM microscopy". Journal of Structural Biology. 212 (2): 107603. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107603. PMID 32805412. S2CID 221164596.
^Boukpessi, T; Hoac, B; Coyac, BR; Leger, T; Garcia, C; Wicart, P; Whyte, MP; Glorieux, FH; Linglart, A; Chaussain, C; McKee, MD (21 November 2016). "Osteopontin and the dento-osseous pathobiology of X-linked hypophosphatemia". Bone. 95: 151–161. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.11.019. PMID 27884786.
^Barros, NM; Hoac, B; Neves, RL; Addison, WN; Assis, DM; Murshed, M; Carmona, AK; McKee, MD (March 2013). "Proteolytic processing of osteopontin by PHEX and accumulation of osteopontin fragments in Hyp mouse bone, the murine model of X-linked hypophosphatemia". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 28 (3): 688–99. doi:10.1002/jbmr.1766. PMID 22991293.
^McKee, MD; Hoac, B; Addison, WN; Barros, NM; Millán, JL; Chaussain, C (October 2013). "Extracellular matrix mineralization in periodontal tissues: Noncollagenous matrix proteins, enzymes, and relationship to hypophosphatasia and X-linked hypophosphatemia". Periodontology 2000. 63 (1): 102–22. doi:10.1111/prd.12029. PMC 3766584. PMID 23931057.
^Boukpessi, T; Gaucher, C; Léger, T; Salmon, B; Le Faouder, J; Willig, C; Rowe, PS; Garabédian, M; Meilhac, O; Chaussain, C (August 2010). "Abnormal presence of the matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein-derived acidic serine- and aspartate-rich motif peptide in human hypophosphatemic dentin". The American Journal of Pathology. 177 (2): 803–12. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2010.091231. PMC 2913338. PMID 20581062.
^Reznikov, N.; Hoac, B.; Buss, D. J.; Addison, W. N.; Barros NMT; McKee, M. D. (2020). "Biological stenciling of mineralization in the skeleton: Local enzymatic removal of inhibitors in the extracellular matrix". Bone. 138: 115447. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115447. PMID 32454257. S2CID 218909350.
^McKee, M. D.; Buss, D. J.; Reznikov, N. (2022). "Mineral tessellation in bone and the Stenciling Principle for extracellular matrix mineralization". Journal of Structural Biology. 214 (1): 107823. doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107823. PMID 34915130. S2CID 245187449.
^"Osteomalacia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov.
^ abLongo, Dan L.; et al. (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07174889-6.
^Kennel, KA; Drake, MT; Hurley, DL (August 2010). "Vitamin D deficiency in adults: when to test and how to treat". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 85 (8): 752–7, quiz 757-8. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0138. PMC 2912737. PMID 20675513.
Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available...
Oncogenic osteomalacia, also known as oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, is an uncommon disorder resulting in increased renal phosphate excretion...
bone-softening diseases, such as rickets in children. It can also worsen osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults, increasing the risk of bone fractures. Muscle...
rickets may also be caused by other maternal diseases, including severe osteomalacia, untreated celiac disease, malabsorption, pre-eclampsia, and premature...
acidosis. The loss of phosphate results in the bone diseases rickets and osteomalacia (even with adequate vitamin D and calcium levels), because phosphate...
with rickets (the childhood form of osteomalacia). Vitamin D supplements are given to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets. The evidence for other...
Axial osteomalacia is a rare osteosclerotic disorder characterized by axial skeleton pain, coarsening of the trabecular bone pattern on radiographs of...
or hereditary hypophosphatemia may cause the metabolic bone disorder osteomalacia. Although there is currently no treatment for the genetic condition,...
temporal gyrus. Aluminium, although rarely, can cause vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia, erythropoietin-resistant microcytic anemia, and central nervous system...
2018 for the treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia and tumor-induced osteomalacia. In the European Union and the United States, burosumab is indicated...
disease, low blood calcium due to hypoparathyroidism, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and familial hypophosphatemia, and can be taken by mouth or by injection...
accumulates. The resultant disorder is termed rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. A deficiency of type I collagen, such as in osteogenesis imperfecta...
Muscle cramp from decreased vitamin D, calcium absorption. Also lead to osteomalacia and osteoporosis Bleeding tendencies from vitamin K and other coagulation...
of the kidney) Bone demineralisation (causing rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults) Growth deficiency Medullary cysts Sensorineural hearing loss...
and haversian nerve supply seems to play an important role, e.g. in osteomalacia, osteonecrosis, and other bone diseases.[citation needed] Thus, there...
tissue assigns a more specific name to each such disorder, as follows: Osteomalacia (rickets), a bone disorder from vitamin D deficiency Chondromalacia,...
vitamin D deficiency or Weismann-Netter–Stuhl syndrome. It can be due to osteomalacia.[citation needed] The bone looks like a boomerang from an early age.[citation...
calcium, vitamin D, or phosphates can lead to softening of bones, called osteomalacia. Because calcium reacts exothermically with water and acids, calcium...
development and growth, and when uninhibited, can cause diseases such as osteomalacia. Since calcium-rich bones are exceedingly difficult to study, scientists...
pseudofracture, also called a Looser zone, is a diagnostic finding in osteomalacia. Pseudofracture also rarely occurs in Paget's disease of bone, hyperparathyroidism...
diagnosticians as a biomarker in helping determine diagnoses such as hepatitis or osteomalacia. The level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood is checked through the...
especially in the elderly and in females. Higher cadmium exposure results in osteomalacia (softening of the bone). Soft drinks: Some studies indicate soft drinks...
3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. If hypophosphatemia is chronic; rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults may develop. Refeeding syndrome – This causes a demand for...
mesenchymal neoplasm phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor causing tumor-induced osteomalacia, a paraneoplastic syndrome. Loss of FGF23 activity is thought to lead...