This article is about the chemical element. For the use of calcium as a medication, see Calcium supplement. For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation).
Chemical element, symbol Ca and atomic number 20
Calcium, 20Ca
Calcium
Appearance
dull gray, silver; with a pale yellow tint[1]
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ca)
40.078±0.004[2]
40.078±0.004 (abridged)[3]
Calcium in the periodic table
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury (element)
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Copernicium
Nihonium
Flerovium
Moscovium
Livermorium
Tennessine
Oganesson
Mg ↑ Ca ↓ Sr
potassium ← calcium → scandium
Atomic number (Z)
20
Group
group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
Period
period 4
Block
s-block
Electron configuration
[Ar] 4s2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP
solid
Melting point
1115 K (842 °C, 1548 °F)
Boiling point
1757 K (1484 °C, 2703 °F)
Density (at 20° C)
1.526 g/cm3[4]
when liquid (at m.p.)
1.378 g/cm3
Heat of fusion
8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation
154.7 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity
25.929 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressure
P(Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T(K)
864
956
1071
1227
1443
1755
Atomic properties
Oxidation states
+1,[5]+2 (a strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity
Pauling scale: 1.00
Ionisation energies
1st: 589.8 kJ/mol
2nd: 1145.4 kJ/mol
3rd: 4912.4 kJ/mol
(more)
Atomic radius
empirical: 197 pm
Covalent radius
176±10 pm
Van der Waals radius
231 pm
Spectral lines of calcium
Other properties
Natural occurrence
primordial
Crystal structure
face-centred cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant
a = 558.8 pm (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal expansion
22.27×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal conductivity
201 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity
33.6 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering
diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility
+40.0×10−6 cm3/mol[6]
Young's modulus
20 GPa
Shear modulus
7.4 GPa
Bulk modulus
17 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod
3810 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio
0.31
Mohs hardness
1.75
Brinell hardness
170–416 MPa
CAS Number
7440-70-2
History
Discovery and first isolation
Humphry Davy (1808)
Isotopes of calcium
v
e
Main isotopes[7]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
40Ca
96.9%
stable
41Ca
trace
9.94×104 y
ε
41K
42Ca
0.647%
stable
43Ca
0.135%
stable
44Ca
2.09%
stable
45Ca
synth
163 d
β−
45Sc
46Ca
0.004%
stable
47Ca
synth
4.5 d
β−
47Sc
48Ca
0.187%
6.4×1019 y
β−β−
48Ti
Category: Calcium
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Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin calx "lime", which was obtained from heating limestone.
Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for calcium supplementation, in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity; still, in small quantities it is often used as an alloying component in steelmaking, and sometimes, as a calcium–lead alloy, in making automotive batteries.
Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body.[8] As electrolytes, calcium ions (Ca2+) play a vital role in the physiological and biochemical processes of organisms and cells: in signal transduction pathways where they act as a second messenger; in neurotransmitter release from neurons; in contraction of all muscle cell types; as cofactors in many enzymes; and in fertilization.[8] Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, protein synthesis, and bone formation.[8][9]
^Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Calcium". CIAAW. 1983.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ abcArblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
^Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ abc"Calcium". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
^"Calcium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 9 July 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride...
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite...
Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical formula CaCl2. It is a white crystalline solid at room temperature, and it is highly...
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sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also found in some dietary calcium supplements (e.g. Citracal or Caltrate). Calcium makes up 24.1% of calcium citrate (anhydrous)...
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Calcium ascorbate is a compound with the molecular formula CaC12H14O12. It is the calcium salt of ascorbic acid, one of the mineral ascorbates. It is...
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Calcium metabolism is the movement and regulation of calcium ions (Ca2+) in (via the gut) and out (via the gut and kidneys) of the body, and between body...
Calcium propanoate or calcium propionate has the formula Ca(C2H5COO)2. It is the calcium salt of propanoic acid. As a food additive, it is listed as E...
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