Global InformationOsteoporosis information
| Osteoporosis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Elderly woman with osteoporosis showing a curved back from compression fractures of her back bones. | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty | Rheumatology, Endocrinology, orthopedics |
| Symptoms | Increased risk of a broken bone[3] |
| Complications | Chronic pain[3] |
| Usual onset | Older age[3] |
| Risk factors | Alcoholism, anorexia, European or Asian ethnicity, hyperthyroidism, gastrointestinal diseases, surgical removal of the ovaries, kidney disease, smoking, certain medications[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Dexa Scan (Bone density scan)[4] |
| Treatment | Good diet, exercise, fall prevention, stopping smoking[3] |
| Medication | Bisphosphonates[5][6] |
| Frequency | 15% (50 year olds), 70% (over 80 year olds)[7] |
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to more porous bone, and consequent increase in fracture risk. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly.[3] Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, the wrist, and the hip.[8][9] Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. After the broken bone heals, the person may have chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities.[3]
Osteoporosis may be due to lower-than-normal maximum bone mass and greater-than-normal bone loss. Bone loss increases after the menopause due to lower levels of estrogen, and after "andropause" due to lower levels of testosterone.[10] Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments, including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and surgical removal of the ovaries. Certain medications increase the rate of bone loss, including some antiseizure medications, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glucocorticosteroids. Smoking and getting an inadequate amount of exercise are also risk factors.[3] Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult. This is typically measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA).[4]
Prevention of osteoporosis includes a proper diet during childhood, hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women, and efforts to avoid medications that increase the rate of bone loss. Efforts to prevent broken bones in those with osteoporosis include a good diet, exercise, and fall prevention. Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol may help.[3] Bisphosphonate medications are useful to decrease future broken bones in those with previous broken bones due to osteoporosis. In those with osteoporosis but no previous broken bones, they are less effective.[5][6][11] They do not appear to affect the risk of death.[12]
Osteoporosis becomes more common with age. About 15% of Caucasians in their 50s and 70% of those over 80 are affected.[7] It is more common in women than men.[3] In the developed world, depending on the method of diagnosis, 2% to 8% of males and 9% to 38% of females are affected.[13] Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear.[14] About 22 million women and 5.5 million men in the European Union had osteoporosis in 2010.[15] In the United States in 2010, about 8 million women and between 1 and 2 million men had osteoporosis.[13][16] White and Asian people are at greater risk.[3] The word "osteoporosis" is from the Greek terms for "porous bones".[17]
- ^ Jones D (2003) [1917]. Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.
- ^ "Osteoporosis". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Handout on Health: Osteoporosis". NIAMS. August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ a b Prevention and management of osteoporosis : report of a WHO scientific group. WHO technical report series. Vol. 921. World Health Organization. 2003. pp. 7, 31. ISBN 978-9241209212. PMID 15293701.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ a b Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (January 2008). "Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD001155. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001155.pub2. PMID 18253985.
- ^ a b Wells GA, Hsieh SC, Zheng C, Peterson J, Tugwell P, Liu W (May 2022). "Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (7): CD004523. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004523.pub4. PMC 9062986. PMID 35502787.
- ^ a b "Chronic rheumatic conditions". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ^ Golob AL, Laya MB (May 2015). "Osteoporosis: screening, prevention, and management". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 587–606. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.010. PMID 25841602.
- ^ Branch NS (7 April 2017). "Osteoporosis". National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Clinical Challenges: Managing Osteoporosis in Male Hypogonadism". www.medpagetoday.com. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ^ Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (January 2008). "Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008 (1): CD003376. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003376.pub3. PMC 6999803. PMID 18254018.
- ^ Cummings SR, Lui LY, Eastell R, Allen IE (August 2019). "Association Between Drug Treatments for Patients With Osteoporosis and Overall Mortality Rates: A Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 179 (11): 1491–1500. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2779. PMC 6704731. PMID 31424486.
- ^ a b Wade SW, Strader C, Fitzpatrick LA, Anthony MS, O'Malley CD (2014). "Estimating prevalence of osteoporosis: examples from industrialized countries". Archives of Osteoporosis. 9 (1): 182. doi:10.1007/s11657-014-0182-3. PMID 24847682. S2CID 19534928.
- ^ Handa R, Ali Kalla A, Maalouf G (August 2008). "Osteoporosis in developing countries". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 22 (4): 693–708. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2008.04.002. PMID 18783745.
- ^ Svedbom A, Hernlund E, Ivergård M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, McCloskey EV, Jönsson B, Kanis JA (2013). "Osteoporosis in the European Union: a compendium of country-specific reports". Archives of Osteoporosis. 8 (1–2): 137. doi:10.1007/s11657-013-0137-0. PMC 3880492. PMID 24113838.
- ^ Willson T, Nelson SD, Newbold J, Nelson RE, LaFleur J (2015). "The clinical epidemiology of male osteoporosis: a review of the recent literature". Clinical Epidemiology. 7: 65–76. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S40966. PMC 4295898. PMID 25657593.
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