An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour.[1][2] Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune system responses.[3][4] Oncolytic viruses also have the ability to affect the tumor micro-environment in multiple ways.[5][6]
The potential of viruses as anti-cancer agents was first realised in the early twentieth century, although coordinated research efforts did not begin until the 1960s.[7] A number of viruses including adenovirus, reovirus, measles, herpes simplex, Newcastle disease virus, and vaccinia have been clinically tested as oncolytic agents.[8] Most current oncolytic viruses are engineered for tumour selectivity, although there are naturally occurring examples such as reovirus and the senecavirus,[9] resulting in clinical trials.[10]
The first oncolytic virus to be approved by a national regulatory agency was genetically unmodified ECHO-7 strain enterovirus RIGVIR, which was approved in Latvia in 2004 for the treatment of skin melanoma;[11] the approval was withdrawn in 2019. An oncolytic adenovirus, a genetically modified adenovirus named H101, was approved in China in 2005 for the treatment of head and neck cancer.[12] In 2015, talimogene laherparepvec (OncoVex, T-VEC), an oncolytic herpes virus which is a modified herpes simplex virus, became the first oncolytic virus to be approved for use in the United States and the European Union, for the treatment of advanced inoperable melanoma.[13]
On December 16, 2022, the Food and Drug Administration approved nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg (Adstiladrin, Ferring Pharmaceuticals) for adult patients with high-risk Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with carcinoma in situ (CIS) with or without papillary tumors. [14]
^Ferguson MS, Lemoine NR, Wang Y (2012). "Systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses: hopes and hurdles". Advances in Virology. 2012: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2012/805629. PMC 3287020. PMID 22400027.
^Casjens S (2010). "Oncolytic virus". In Mahy BW, Van Regenmortel MH (eds.). Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology. Boston: Academic Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-12-375146-1.
^Melcher A, Parato K, Rooney CM, Bell JC (June 2011). "Thunder and lightning: immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses collide". Molecular Therapy. 19 (6): 1008–16. doi:10.1038/mt.2011.65. PMC 3129809. PMID 21505424.
^Lichty BD, Breitbach CJ, Stojdl DF, Bell JC (August 2014). "Going viral with cancer immunotherapy". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 14 (8): 559–67. doi:10.1038/nrc3770. PMID 24990523. S2CID 15182671.
^De Silva, Naomi; Atkins, Harold; Kirn, David H.; Bell, John C.; Breitbach, Caroline J. (1 April 2010). "Double trouble for tumours: Exploiting the tumour microenvironment to enhance anticancer effect of oncolytic viruses". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. Recent Advances in the Development of Oncolytic Viruses as Cancer Therapeutics. 21 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.02.007. ISSN 1359-6101. PMID 20338801.
^"Using Viruses to Treat Cancer | Science-Based Medicine". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
^Alemany R (March 2013). "Viruses in cancer treatment". Clinical & Translational Oncology. 15 (3): 182–8. doi:10.1007/s12094-012-0951-7. PMID 23143950. S2CID 6123610.
^Donnelly OG, Errington-Mais F, Prestwich R, Harrington K, Pandha H, Vile R, Melcher AA (July 2012). "Recent clinical experience with oncolytic viruses". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 13 (9): 1834–41. doi:10.2174/138920112800958904. PMID 21740364.
^Rudin CM, Poirier JT, Senzer NN, Stephenson J, Loesch D, Burroughs KD, Reddy PS, Hann CL, Hallenbeck PL (February 2011). "Phase I clinical study of Seneca Valley Virus (SVV-001), a replication-competent picornavirus, in advanced solid tumors with neuroendocrine features". Clinical Cancer Research. 17 (4): 888–95. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1706. PMC 5317273. PMID 21304001.
^"Rigvir šķīdums injekcijām". Medicinal product register of the Republic of Latvia. 29 April 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^Frew SE, Sammut SM, Shore AF, Ramjist JK, Al-Bader S, Rezaie R, Daar AS, Singer PA (January 2008). "Chinese health biotech and the billion-patient market". Nature Biotechnology. 26 (1): 37–53. doi:10.1038/nbt0108-37. PMC 7096943. PMID 18183014.
^Broderick J (29 April 2015). "FDA Panels Support Approval of T-VEC in Melanoma". OncLive. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (29 December 2022). "FDA approves first adenoviral vector-based gene therapy for high-risk Bacillus Calmette-Guérin unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer". FDA.
An oncolyticvirus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release...
such as ICP34.5, ICP6/UL39, and ICP47. HSV1716 is a first generation oncolyticvirus developed by the Glasgow Institute of Virology, and subsequently by...
vector for gene therapy and also as an oncolyticvirus. Of the many different viruses being explored for oncolytic potential, an adenovirus was the first...
convert viruses into therapeutic agents by reprogramming viruses to treat diseases. There are three main branches of virotherapy: anti-cancer oncolytic viruses...
T-Vec is the first FDA-approved oncolyticvirus for the treatment of melanoma. A number of other oncolyticviruses are in Phase II-III development. Certain...
Clinic the following year. In 2019 the company then licensed the CF33 oncolyticvirus platform, invented by renowned oncologist Professor Yuman Fong of City...
JX-594 is an oncolyticvirus is designed to target and destroy cancer cells. It is also known as Pexa-Vec, INN pexastimogene devacirepvec) and was constructed...
Since Semliki Forest virus naturally infects cells of the central nervous system, it has been pre-clinically tested as an oncolyticvirus against the very...
Oncolytics Biotech Inc. is a Canadian company headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, that is developing an intravenously delivered immuno-oncolyticvirus...
herpes virus (an oncolytic herpes virus). Two genes were removed – one that shuts down an individual cell's defenses, and another that helps the virus evade...
wild-type Coxsackievirus A21, is being used in human clinical trials as an oncolyticvirus. SCAR-Fc (Soluble Receptor Analogue) is an experimental prophylactic...
acquire ViraTherapeutics for €210 million ($230 million), a developer of oncolyticvirus therapies, dependent on the success of Phase I trials. In June 2016...
the virus gained approval for the treatment of melanoma in late 2015. Viruses that have been reprogrammed to kill cancer cells are called oncolytic viruses...
in the field of oncolyticviruses, that is, viruses that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells. The company's oncolyticvirus product, called Cavatak...
genetically modified oncolyticviruses that show promise as treatments for various types of cancer. Most vaccines consist of viruses that have been attenuated...
Oncogenic Oncogene Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Cancer bacteria Oncolyticvirus, a virus that infects and kills cancer cells Gag-onc fusion protein List...
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been researched as a viral vector in gene therapy for cancer treatment as an oncolyticvirus. Currently there are not...
virus refers to: An oncovirus, a virus that can cause cancer. Also generally the role of viruses in carcinogenesis. On the other hand to an oncolytic...
tumor-specific defects in the interferon pathway with a previously unknown oncolyticvirus". Nature Medicine. 6 (7): 821–5. doi:10.1038/77558. PMID 10888934....
Enadenotucirev is an investigational oncolyticvirus that is in clinical trials for various cancers. It is an oncolytic A11/Ad3 Chimeric Group B Adenovirus...
PMID 22149027. Garber K (March 2006). "China approves world's first oncolyticvirus therapy for cancer treatment". Journal of the National Cancer Institute...
oncolytic vaccinia virus, modified to increase its safety, tumor selectivity and therapeutic potential. Vaccinia virus is a non-human pathogen. Virus-mediated...
mutant type 2 herpes simplex virus deleted for the protein kinase domain of the ICP10 gene is a potent oncolyticvirus". Molecular Therapy. 13 (5): 882–90...
in research as a model pathogen. The virus is infectious for many cancer cell lines (see below), and has oncolytic properties demonstrated in animal models...
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