Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Nonribosomal peptides are also found in higher organisms, such as nudibranchs, but are thought to be made by bacteria inside these organisms.[1] While there exist a wide range of peptides that are not synthesized by ribosomes, the term nonribosomal peptide typically refers to a very specific set of these as discussed in this article.
Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, which, unlike the ribosomes, are independent of messenger RNA. Each nonribosomal peptide synthetase can synthesize only one type of peptide. Nonribosomal peptides often have cyclic and/or branched structures, can contain non-proteinogenic amino acids including D-amino acids, carry modifications like N-methyl and N-formyl groups, or are glycosylated, acylated, halogenated, or hydroxylated. Cyclization of amino acids against the peptide "backbone" is often performed, resulting in oxazolines and thiazolines; these can be further oxidized or reduced. On occasion, dehydration is performed on serines, resulting in dehydroalanine. This is just a sampling of the various manipulations and variations that nonribosomal peptides can perform. Nonribosomal peptides are often dimers or trimers of identical sequences chained together or cyclized, or even branched.
Nonribosomal peptides are a very diverse family of natural products with an extremely broad range of biological activities and pharmacological properties. They are often toxins, siderophores, or pigments. Nonribosomal peptide antibiotics, cytostatics, and immunosuppressants are in commercial use.
^Dai LX (2012). Ding K (ed.). Organic chemistry : breakthroughs and perspectives. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 9783527333776.
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Nonribosomalpeptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Nonribosomal peptides...
nonribosomalpeptides are most common in unicellular organisms, plants, and fungi and are synthesized by modular enzyme complexes called nonribosomal...
produce nonribosomalpeptides, and ribosomes to produce proteins via reactions that differ in details from dehydration synthesis. Some peptides, like alpha-amanitin...
by nonribosomalpeptide synthetases, which can be big protein complexes, each specializing in synthesizing only one type of peptide. Nonribosomal peptides...
main classes of fungal secondary metabolites are: polyketides, nonribosomalpeptides and terpenes. Although fungal secondary metabolites are not required...
membrane. They are part of a broader class of molecules called nonribosomalpeptides. They are produced in nature by Gram-positive bacteria such as Paenibacillus...
nonribosomal peptide synthetase used to predict substrate specificity and thus (partially) the final product. Analogous to the nonribosomal code is prediction...
structure and mechanism to the peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP) from nonribosomalpeptide synthases. Subsequent to the expression of the inactive apo ACP,...
hybrid synthesis of both type 1 polyketide synthases (PKS 1) and nonribosomalpeptide syntheses (NRPS). The research shows the hybrid synthesis consists...
needed] Bleomycin is a nonribosomalpeptide that is a hybrid peptide-polyketide natural product. The peptide/polyketide/peptide backbone of the bleomycin...
renal clearance. Vancomycin is a branched tricyclic glycosylated nonribosomalpeptide produced by the Actinomycetota species Amycolatopsis orientalis (formerly...
polyketides that are hybridized with nonribosomalpeptides (Hybrid NRP-PK and PK-NRP). Since nonribosomalpeptide assembly lines use carrier proteins similar...
synthase, a Nonribosomalpeptide synthase (NRPS) first isolated in 1975. Although there are several sequences of the alamethicin peptide accepted, evidence...
common. Chemically they are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomalpeptide synthases. Cyanobacteria can produce microcystins in large quantities...
Valinomycin (technically a depsipeptide) Vancomycin Viscumamide Yunnanin A Nonribosomalpeptide lantibiotics, 19-37 residues and 1 to 5 'bridges' Salehi, David;...
tryptophan, followed by the coupling of the remaining amino acids by nonribosomalpeptide synthetase (NRPS) mechanisms. Finally, a cyclization event occurs...
carrier proteins (PCP), as well as aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) of nonribosomalpeptide synthetases (NRPS). It is also present in formyltetrahydrofolate...
action of multi-enzymatic, multi-domains gene clusters, such as Nonribosomalpeptide synthetases (NRPSs) and polyketide synthases (PKSs). Diverse studies...
biosynthesized from two units of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPP) via a nonribosomalpeptide synthetase-like enzyme (atromentin synthetase), containing the domain...
was approved by the US FDA in 1948. Bacitracin is synthesised via nonribosomalpeptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not directly...
enzyme δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine synthetase (ACVS), a nonribosomalpeptide synthetase or NRPS. The second step in the biosynthesis of penicillin...
amino acids may arise from post-translational modification or during nonribosomalpeptide synthesis. The carbon atom next to the carboxyl group is called the...
Viomycin is a member of the tuberactinomycin family, a group of nonribosomalpeptide antibiotics exhibiting anti-tuberculosis activity. The tuberactinomycin...
non-proteinogenic amino acids are incorporated into nonribosomalpeptides which are synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes...
taken up by active transport mechanisms. Many siderophores are nonribosomalpeptides, although several are biosynthesised independently. Siderophores...
microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomalpeptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective...
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