Lake Erie in October 2011, during an intense cyanobacteria bloom[1][2]
Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae.[3] Over 250[4] different microcystins have been discovered so far, of which microcystin-LR is the most common. Chemically they are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomal peptide synthases.[5]
Cyanobacteria can produce microcystins in large quantities during algal blooms which then pose a major threat to drinking and irrigation water supplies, and the environment at large.[6][7]
^Michael Wines (March 14, 2013). "Spring Rain, Then Foul Algae in Ailing Lake Erie". The New York Times.
^Joanna M. Foster (November 20, 2013). "Lake Erie is Dying Again, and Warmer Waters and Wetter Weather are to Blame". ClimateProgress. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
^Bouaïcha, Noureddine; Miles, Christopher; Beach, Daniel; et al. (7 December 2019). "Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins". Toxins. 11 (12): 714. doi:10.3390/toxins11120714. PMC 6950048. PMID 31817927.
^Ramsy Agha; Samuel Cirés; Lars Wörmer; Antonio Quesada (2013). "Limited Stability of Microcystins in Oligopeptide Compositions of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria): Implications in the Definition of Chemotypes". Toxins. 5 (6): 1089–1104. doi:10.3390/toxins5061089. PMC 3717771. PMID 23744054.
^Paerl HW, Huisman J (February 2009). "Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms". Environmental Microbiology Reports. 1 (1): 27–37. Bibcode:2009EnvMR...1...27P. doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2008.00004.x. PMID 23765717.
^"Increasing toxicity of algal blooms tied to nutrient enrichment and climate change". Oregon State University. October 24, 2013.
Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae. Over 250 different...
standard analysis was for microcystin-LR. Blooms containing microcystin are a problem worldwide in freshwater ecosystems. Microcystins are cyclic peptides and...
Microcystis community can produce neurotoxins and hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin. Communities are often a mix of toxin-producing and...
hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin. Microcystis aeruginosa produces numerous congeners of microcystin, with microcystin-LR being the most...
report suggests that colestyramine may be useful for cyanobacterial (microcystin) poisoning in dogs. Ointments containing colestyramine compounded with...
nutrient-laden waters reaching the lake from farms and other sources. Microcystin was found among the other species involved in the outbreak. In July 2016...
aeruginosins, cyanopeptolins, microcystins, microviridins, microginins, anabaenopeptins, and cyclamides. Microcystins are best studied because of their...
and humans by the production of powerful toxins (cyanotoxins) such as microcystins, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. Nowadays, cyanobacterial blooms pose...
from approximately Coal Oil Point to Gaviota State Park. A toxin called microcystin, produced by a type of cyanobacteria (Microcystis), seems to be concentrated...
Lactobacillus plantarum strains from dadiah play important roles in removing microcystin-LR, cyanobacterial toxin. This wild strain of Lactobacillus plantarum...
the RNA polymerase II enzyme from transcribing DNA. The algal toxin microcystin is also a peptide and is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases. This toxin...
can cause cancer with low exposure over the long term. High levels of microcystin appeared in San Francisco Bay Area salt-water shellfish and fresh-water...
industrialised city south of Johannesburg. Bushbabies Monkey Sanctuary Microcystin Eutrophication "Main Place Hartbeespoort". Census 2011. Carruthers, Vincent...
Estenik, JF; Oesch, C; Khidekel, R; Boyer, GL (2013). "Variations in the microcystin content of different fish species collected from a eutrophic lake". Toxins...
Steroidobacter flavus is a microcystin-degrading bacterium from the genus of Steroidobacter which has been isolated from forest soil from the Hainan Island...
Microcystinase is a protease that selectively degrades Microcystin, an extremely potent cyanotoxin that results in marine pollution and human and animal...
function exists between the two, and microcystins have been studied in greater detail. Because of this, facts from microcystins are often extended to nodularins...
ecology and physiology has been done by Anthony E. Walsby, and the 55.6 kb microcystin synthetase gene which gives these organisms the ability to synthesize...
Planning Commission warned of the lake water contamination with microcystin. Microcystin is a toxic substance produced by some species of blue-green algae...
and flowers are produced. Deteriorating water quality, most notably Microcystin toxin. Hartbeespoort has become a very popular holiday and weekend resort...
was reopened in summer 2012. In 2010, lake waters tested positive for microcystin, a toxin produced by cyanobacteria that can cause liver damage. The toxin...
acid, a diarrhetic shellfish poison, strong tumor promoter, and microcystin. Microcystin is a liver toxin produced by blue-green algae and contains a cyclic...
experienced a widespread blue-green algal bloom which tested positive for microcystin toxins, thus no longer making it one of the cleanest lakes in the US...
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