This article is missing information about nodal flow and its discovery [PMID 27821522]. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(September 2021)
The Nodal signaling pathway is a signal transduction pathway important in regional and cellular differentiation during embryonic development.[1]
The Nodal family of proteins, a subset of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, is responsible for mesoendoderm induction, patterning of the nervous system, and determination of dorsal- ventral axis in vertebrate embryos. Activation of the Nodal pathway involves nodal binding to activin and activin-like receptors which leads to phosphorylation of the Smad2. The P-Smad2/Smad4 complex translocates into the nucleus to interact with transcription factors such as FoxH1, p53 and Mixer (Xenopus mix-like endodermal regulator). This will, in turn, lead to induction of target genes such as NODAL, Lefty, the antagonist of nodal cerberus, and others.[2]
The activation of the Nodal pathway induces the transcription of many target genes including of its own, but at the same time, micro-RNAs and other proteins interfere with this positive feedback loop in a negative manner at different points of the pathway.[2][3] This balance of activation and inhibition of the signal is necessary to achieve the precise location, concentration and duration of downstream target genes that have an important role early in development. This article will summarize the role of some of the components that participate positively and negatively in regulation the signaling pathway. Although all the major components of Nodal signaling are evolutionarily conserved in almost all vertebrates, the regulation of each component of the pathway sometimes varies according to the species.
^Shen MM (March 2007). "Nodal signaling: developmental roles and regulation". Development. 134 (6): 1023–34. doi:10.1242/dev.000166. PMID 17287255.
^ abSchier AF (2003). "Nodal signaling in vertebrate development". Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19: 589–621. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.041603.094522. PMID 14570583.
^Schier AF (November 2009). "Nodal morphogens". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 1 (5): a003459. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003459. PMC 2773646. PMID 20066122.
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