This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Nick translation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Nick translation[1] (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or blotting techniques. It can also be used for radiolabeling.[2]
This process is called nick translation because the DNA to be processed is treated with DNAase to produce single-stranded "nicks". This is followed by replacement in nicked sites by DNA polymerase I, which elongates the 3' hydroxyl terminus, removing nucleotides by 5'-3' exonuclease activity, replacing them with dNTPs. To radioactively label a DNA fragment for use as a probe in blotting procedures, one of the incorporated nucleotides provided in the reaction is radiolabeled in the alpha phosphate position. Similarly, a fluorophore can be attached instead for fluorescent labelling, or an antigen for immunodetection. When DNA polymerase I eventually detaches from the DNA, it leaves another nick in the phosphate backbone. The nick has "translated" some distance depending on the processivity of the polymerase. This nick could be sealed by DNA ligase, or its 3' hydroxyl group could serve as the template for further DNA polymerase I activity. Proprietary enzyme mixes are available commercially to perform all steps in the procedure in a single incubation.
Nick translation could cause double-stranded DNA breaks, if DNA polymerase I encounters another nick on the opposite strand, resulting in two shorter fragments. This does not influence the performance of the labelled probe in in-situ hybridization.
^Rigby PW, Dieckmann M, Rhodes C, Berg P (June 1977). "Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I". J. Mol. Biol. 113 (1): 237–51. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(77)90052-3. PMID 881736.
^Mathew CG (1985). "Radiolabeling of DNA by nick translation". Nucleic Acids. Methods Mol. Biol. Vol. 2. pp. 257–61. doi:10.1385/0-89603-064-4:257. ISBN 0-89603-064-4. PMID 21374202.
Nicktranslation (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase...
Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language...
Reaction, exonucleotyic degradation, the creation of small gaps, or nicktranslation. The latter process has been successfully used to incorporate both...
another cytosine. A DNA polymerase may perform this replacement via nicktranslation, a terminal excision reaction by its 5'⟶3' exonuclease activity, followed...
in situ detection by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nicktranslation assays and prevention by serine protease inhibitors". International...
Neural machine translation (NMT) is an approach to machine translation that uses an artificial neural network to predict the likelihood of a sequence...
polymerase I via the process of nicktranslation. The removal of the RNA primer allows DNA ligase to ligate the DNA-DNA nick between the new fragment and...
mediates proofreading A 5'→3' (forward) exonuclease activity mediating nicktranslation during DNA repair. A 5'→3' (forward) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity...
of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it, in a process called nicktranslation. Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function...
synthesis. The removal of these flaps involves a process called nicktranslation and creates a nick for ligation. Thus, FEN1's function is necessary to Okazaki...
credited with translating what is now known as Wycliffe's Bible, though it is not clear how much of the translation he himself did. This translation came out...
antibodies or with biotin. Tagging can be done in various ways, such as nicktranslation, or polymerase chain reaction using tagged nucleotides. Then, an interphase...
YouTube Vujicic, Nick. "Nick Vujicic: Spreading Hope Worldwide". Nickvujicic.com. Retrieved 9 March 2016. "Life With Limbs: About Nick Vujicic". Retrieved...
to both the test and reference DNA samples to improve reliability. Nicktranslation is used to label the DNA and involves cutting DNA and substituting...
Probe labelling can be carried out by using either random priming or nicktranslation to incorporate biotin or digoxigenin. For CISH to work optimally, chromosomes...
insitu detection by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nicktranslation assays and prevention by serine protease inhibitors". Int J Oncol....
Supporting Actor SIC Truth in Translation Faustus Metamorphosis "South African Cast & Musicians - Truth in Translation". "Global Arts Corps Summer Institute...
structural and chemical aspects of this process, generally referred to as 'nicktranslation', exceed the scope of this article. Replication stress can result in...
of cDNA for cloning and expression. The use of DNA polymerase for nicktranslation was the most common method used to label DNA probes for Southern blotting...
Nick Flynn (born January 26, 1960) is an American writer, playwright, and poet. Nick Flynn was raised by his mother in Scituate, Massachusetts, a suburb...
labeling DNA. Aminoallyl NTPs are used for indirect DNA labeling in PCR, nicktranslation, primer extensions and cDNA synthesis. These labeled NTPs are helpful...
RUSSIA (translation) American Knights, YA/SF, Nick Pollotta, TSR Books The 24-Hour War, YA/SF, Nick Pollotta, TSR Books Freed-For-All, YA/SF, Nick Pollotta...
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Retrieved 11 August 2017. Clark, Nick (27 March 2012). "Seven go on a 21-century adventure: Enid Blyton classics...