Karenia brevis, the primary dinoflagellate organism responsible for brevetoxin production.Red Tide caused by dinoflagellates. Picture taken off the coast of San Diego, California.
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by the consumption of brevetoxins, which are marine toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (among several others). These toxins can produce a series of gastrointestinal and neurological effects. Outbreaks of NSP commonly take place following harmful algal bloom (HAB) events, commonly referred to as "Florida red tide" (given that blooms are more commonplace along the coasts of Florida and Texas, especially during late summer and early fall). Algal blooms are a naturally-occurring phenomenon, however their frequency has been increasing in recent decades at least in-part due to human activities, climate changes, and the eutrophication (over-abundance of plant nutrients as a result of agricultural runoff, deforestation, river bed erosion, etc.) of marine waters.[1][2][3][4] HABs have been occurring for all of documented history, evidenced by the Native Americans' understanding of the dangers of shellfish consumption during periods of marine bioluminescence (a phenomenon observed during algal blooms).[5] Blooms have been noted to occur as far north as North Carolina and are commonly seen alongside the widespread death of fish and sea birds.[4] In addition to the effects on human health, the economic impact of HAB-associated shellfish toxin outbreaks can have significant economic implications as well due to not only the associated healthcare costs, but the adverse impact on the commercial shellfish industry.[3]
Neurotoxicshellfishpoisoning (NSP) is caused by the consumption of brevetoxins, which are marine toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis...
Diarrheic shellfishpoisoning (DSP) is one of the four recognized symptom types of shellfishpoisoning, alongside paralytic shellfishpoisoning, neurotoxic shellfish...
such as paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP), neurotoxicshellfishpoisoning (NSP), scombrotoxin fish poisoning, and pufferfish poisoning should be excluded...
neurological processes and causing the illness clinically described as neurotoxicshellfishpoisoning (NSP). Although brevetoxins are most well-studied in K. brevis...
severe symptoms. Along with ciguatera fish poisoning, it is one of the most common type of seafood poisoning. It occurs globally in both temperate and...
poisoning, neurotoxicshellfishpoisoning, amnesic shellfishpoisoning and ciguatera fish poisoning Scombrotoxin Tetrodotoxin (fugu fish poisoning) Some plants...
Paracetamol poisoning, also known as acetaminophen poisoning, is caused by excessive use of the medication paracetamol (acetaminophen). Most people have...
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents. Symptoms...
Watkins, S. M.; Reich, A.; Fleming, L. E.; Hammond, R. (2008). "Neurotoxicshellfishpoisoning". Marine Drugs. 6 (3): 431–455. doi:10.3390/md20080021. PMC 2579735...
Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism and saturnism, is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, constipation...
types of poisoning may result. These include amnesic shellfishpoisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfishpoisoning, neurotoxicshellfishpoisoning, and paralytic...
greater than 60 °C[citation needed] or freezing. The FDA recommends all shellfish and fish intended for raw consumption be blast frozen to −35 °C or below...
Arsenic poisoning (or arsenicosis) is a medical condition that occurs due to elevated levels of arsenic in the body. If arsenic poisoning occurs over...
paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfishpoisoning, neurotoxicshellfishpoisoning, and ciguatera fish poisoning. Dinotoxins are impacting not only...
Mercury poisoning is a type of metal poisoning due to exposure to mercury. Symptoms depend upon the type, dose, method, and duration of exposure. They...
Cyanide poisoning is poisoning that results from exposure to any of a number of forms of cyanide. Early symptoms include headache, dizziness, fast heart...
commercial consumption. The customer in the lawsuit claimed to have been poisoned by eating an isopod cooked inside a snapper. The case, however, was dropped...
blooded animals, including man". According to Klaus Schallie, Molluscan Shellfish Program Specialist with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, "Henneguya...
Poisoning is the harmful effect which occurs when toxic substances are introduced into the body. The term "poisoning" is a derivative of poison, a term...
acute poisons to target organisms, although acute or less observable chronic poisoning can also occur in non-target organisms (secondary poisoning), including...
noticeable and a common choice for assassinations and poison attacks. For this reason, strychnine poisoning is often portrayed in literature and film, such...
algal blooms, is responsible for the illness known as paralytic shellfishpoisoning (PSP). The term saxitoxin originates from the genus name of the butter...
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