Harmful algal bloom information

A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxins, and sometimes as any algal bloom that can result in severely lower oxygen levels in natural waters, killing organisms in marine or fresh waters.^[1] Blooms can last from a few days to many months. After the bloom dies, the microbes that decompose the dead algae use up more of the oxygen, generating a "dead zone" which can cause fish die-offs. When these zones cover a large area for an extended period of time, neither fish nor plants are able to survive. Harmful algal blooms in marine environments are often called "red tides".^[2]^[3]

It is sometimes unclear what causes specific HABs as their occurrence in some locations appears to be entirely natural,^[4] while in others they appear to be a result of human activities.^[5] In certain locations there are links to particular drivers like nutrients, but HABs have also been occurring since before humans started to affect the environment. HABs are induced by eutrophication, which is an overabundance of nutrients in the water. The two most common nutrients are fixed nitrogen (nitrates, ammonia, and urea) and phosphate.^[6] The excess nutrients are emitted by agriculture, industrial pollution, excessive fertilizer use in urban/suburban areas, and associated urban runoff. Higher water temperature and low circulation also contribute.^{[citation needed]}

HABs can cause significant harm to animals, the environment and economies. They have been increasing in size and frequency worldwide, a fact that many experts attribute to global climate change. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predicts more harmful blooms in the Pacific Ocean.^[7] Potential remedies include chemical treatment, additional reservoirs, sensors and monitoring devices, reducing nutrient runoff, research and management as well as monitoring and reporting.^{[citation needed]}

Terrestrial runoff, containing fertilizer, sewage and livestock wastes, transports abundant nutrients to the seawater and stimulates bloom events. Natural causes, such as river floods or upwelling of nutrients from the sea floor, often following massive storms, provide nutrients and trigger bloom events as well. Increasing coastal developments and aquaculture also contribute to the occurrence of coastal HABs.^[2]^[3] Effects of HABs can worsen locally due to wind driven Langmuir circulation and their biological effects.

^ J. Heisler; P.M. Glibert; J.M. Burkholder; D.M. Anderson; W. Cochlan; W.C. Dennison b; Q. Dortch; C.J. Gobler; C.A. Heil; E. Humphries; A. Lewitus; R. Magnien; H.G. Marshallm; K. Sellner; D.A. Stockwell; D.K. Stoecker; M. Suddleson (2008). "Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus". Harmful Algae. 8 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006. PMC 5543702. PMID 28781587.
^ ^a ^b Anderson, Donald M.; Glibert, Patricia M.; Burkholder, Joann M. (August 2002). "Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources, composition, and consequences". Estuaries. 25 (4): 704–726. doi:10.1007/BF02804901. S2CID 44207554. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b Hall, Danielle. "What Exactly Is a Red Tide?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Harmful Algal Blooms". CDC. 9 March 2021.
^ Harvey, Chelsea (2016-09-29). "The Pacific blob caused an "unprecedented" toxic algal bloom — and there's more to come". Washington Post.

[:4-1] J. Heisler; P.M. Glibert; J.M. Burkholder; D.M. Anderson; W. Cochlan; W.C. Dennison b; Q. Dortch; C.J. Gobler; C.A. Heil; E. Humphries; A. Lewitus; R. Magnien; H.G. Marshallm; K. Sellner; D.A. Stockwell; D.K. Stoecker; M. Suddleson (2008). "Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus". Harmful Algae. 8 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006. PMC 5543702. PMID 28781587.

[:62-2] Anderson, Donald M.; Glibert, Patricia M.; Burkholder, Joann M. (August 2002). "Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources, composition, and consequences". Estuaries. 25 (4): 704–726. doi:10.1007/BF02804901. S2CID 44207554. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[:63-3] Hall, Danielle. "What Exactly Is a Red Tide?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 7 April 2021.

[:2-4] Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:3-5] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[CDC-6] "Harmful Algal Blooms". CDC. 9 March 2021.

[7] Harvey, Chelsea (2016-09-29). "The Pacific blob caused an "unprecedented" toxic algal bloom — and there's more to come". Washington Post.

Harmful algal bloom information

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