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Chemical compound
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin (PST). Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish contaminated by toxic algal blooms, is responsible for the illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).
The term saxitoxin originates from the genus name of the butter clam (Saxidomus) from which it was first isolated. But the term saxitoxin can also refer to the entire suite of more than 50 structurally related neurotoxins (known collectively as "saxitoxins") produced by protists, algae and cyanobacteria which includes saxitoxin itself (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX), gonyautoxins (GTX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX).
Saxitoxin has a large environmental and economic impact, as its presence in bivalve shellfish such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops frequently leads to bans on commercial and recreational shellfish harvesting in many temperate coastal waters around the world including the Northeastern and Western United States, Western Europe, East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. In the United States, paralytic shellfish poisoning has occurred in California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and New England.
Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin (PST). Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of...
These shellfish are filter feeders and accumulate neurotoxins, chiefly saxitoxin, produced by microscopic algae, such as dinoflagellates, diatoms, and...
dinoflagellates also produce saxitoxin. Saxitoxins bioaccumulate in shellfish and certain finfish. Ingestion of saxitoxin, usually through shellfish contaminated...
Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) is included, as other saxitoxin-analogs, in a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish...
it with them. The Central Intelligence Agency began experimenting with saxitoxin, an extremely potent neurotoxin, during the 1950s as a replacement for...
alkaloid. It's structurally related to saxitoxin, but with some differences. ZTX has a guanidine core similar to saxitoxin. It contains an isoxazolidine ring...
potentially lethal due to the presence of the neurotoxins tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in its flesh and shell. Zosimus aeneus reaches a size of 60 by 90 millimetres...
through this channel (which is ultimately necessary for nerve conduction). Saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and several of the conotoxins also bind the same site....
a class of poisons known as the saxitoxins, which are among the most toxic naturally produced substances. Saxitoxin poisoning begins with the blockage...
the presence of dangerous toxins: Tetrodotoxin and Saxitoxin in the tissues of the puffer. Saxitoxin is a neurotoxin that is one of many paralytic shellfish...
Biotoxins accumulated in fish/shellfish include brevetoxins, okadaic acid, saxitoxins, ciguatoxin and domoic acid. Except for ciguatoxine, high levels of these...
Hemiaminal formation is a key step in an asymmetric total synthesis of saxitoxin: In this reaction step the alkene group is first oxidized to an intermediate...
produced in dinoflagellate. DcSTX is one of the many analogues of saxitoxin (STX). Saxitoxin is a tricyclic alkaloid compound, which has multiple structural...
D. (2018-10-23). "The Acute Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin and Tetrodotoxin–Saxitoxin Mixtures to Mice by Various Routes of Administration". Toxins. 10 (11):...
request from the European Commission on Marine Biotoxins in Shellfish – Saxitoxin Group. The EFSA Journal (2009) 1019, 1-76. Keith, Lawrence H. (2015-03-15)...
are part of the group of saxitoxins, a large group of neurotoxins along with a molecule that is also referred to as saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX)...
and cyanobacteria. Some dinoflagellates produce neurotoxins, such as saxitoxin and its derivates, that bioaccumulate in the clams and other bivalve mollusks...
Alexandrium tamarense is a species of dinoflagellates known to produce saxitoxin, a neurotoxin which causes the human illness clinically known as paralytic...
Program also had a microflechette to deliver either botulinum toxin A or saxitoxin, the M1 biodart, which resembled a 7.62 mm rifle cartridge. The USSR had...
an enzyme that converts saxitoxin into decarbamoylsaxitoxin, a capability that significantly reduces the quantity of saxitoxins present and that is not...
produces saxitoxin, which is a highly potent neurotoxin. If consumed, this toxin can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). By ingesting saxitoxin, humans...
and ureas. Examples of guanidines are arginine, triazabicyclodecene, saxitoxin, and creatine. Galegine is an isoamylene guanidine. Sakaguchi test Y-aromaticity...
hogfish, king mackerel, and sea bass. Brevetoxin Domoic acid Okadaic acid Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Swift AE, Swift TR (2008). "Ciguatera". Journal of Toxicology...
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