Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces information
1900 agreement in China
The Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces (simplified Chinese: 东南互保; traditional Chinese: 東南互保; pinyin: Dōngnán Hùbǎo) was an agreement reached in the summer of 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion by Qing dynasty governors of the provinces in southern, eastern and central China when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded northern China. The governors, including Li Hongzhang (governor-general of Guangdong, Guangxi), Xu Yingkui (governor-general of Fujian, Zhejiang), Liu Kunyi (governor-general of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi), Zhang Zhidong (governor-general of Hubei, Hunan) and Yuan Shikai (provincial governor of Shandong), refused to carry out the imperial decree promulgated by the Qing imperial court to declare war on 11 foreign states, with the aim of preserving peace in their own provinces.[1]
Some other Han-majority provincial authorities, such as the governor-general of Sichuan and the provincial governor of Shaanxi, did not formally join the mutual protection agreement but similarly disobeyed the imperial edict. Thus, for the first time, the vast majority of Han regional authorities refused to aid the Qing court. For much of the conflict, the main forces fighting for the Qing court (alongside the Boxers) were the Manchu Hushenying, the Manchu Peking Field Force and three of five divisions of the Qing court's most modernized Wuwei Corps (including its Manchu division and Muslim Gansu division), but Yuan Shikai commanded the other two divisions into Shandong and actively used them to suppress the Boxers, in open defiance of the Qing court. In Manchuria, large groups of Han bandits named Honghuzi ("Red Beards") also actively fought alongside Manchu banners, mostly as a response to the separate Russian invasion that had widespread atrocities against Manchus and Daurs like the Blagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre.
^Zhitian Luo (30 January 2015). Inheritance within Rupture: Culture and Scholarship in Early Twentieth Century China. BRILL. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-90-04-28766-2.
and 25 Related for: Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces information
TheMutualDefensePactoftheSoutheasternProvinces (simplified Chinese: 东南互保; traditional Chinese: 東南互保; pinyin: Dōngnán Hùbǎo) was an agreement reached...
Nanjing, formed theMutualDefensePactoftheSoutheasternProvinces. They refused to recognise the imperial court's declaration of war, which they declared...
the Mutual DefensePactoftheSoutheasternProvinces proposed by Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kun, but then Li urged to recruit troops to guard the capital, and...
viceroys and governors established the MutualDefensePactoftheSoutheasternProvinces, openly violating the orders ofthe Qing government and refrain from...
non-aggression pact with Portugal and a treaty of friendship with Nazi Germany on 31 March, and on 6 April, Franco made public Spain's adherence to the Anti-Comintern...
This list of treaties contains known agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups. Central American...
and Nicolae Titulescu, the Soviet and Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs, agreed upon a draft of a Mutual Assistance Pact. It was sometimes interpreted...
increased, the Circassians became a major local power and a number ofpacts were formed with the Bedouin, including a mutualdefense alliance with the Bani...
hostilities between the ROC and the PRC. The United States also passed the Sino-American MutualDefense Treaty and the Formosa Resolution of 1955, granting...
1968, following the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Tito added an additional defense line to Yugoslavia's borders with the Warsaw Pact countries. Later...
Egypt, the Arab countries ofthe Persian Gulf, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact states, the United States (beginning in 1983), France, the United...
Thracian provinces. The Sivas Congress repeated the points ofthe National Pact agreed to in Erzurum, and united the various regional Defence of National...
they formed a "mutual support pact" and power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. Thepact, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining...
War against the neighboring United Provincesofthe Río de la Plata in 1828 led to the secession ofthe province of Cisplatina (later to become Uruguay)...
September 2017. "MutualDefense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea; October 1, 1953". Yale Law School. Archived from the original on...
adhere to thePact. Hitler nonetheless ordered the invasion of Yugoslavia. On 6 April 1941, Belgrade was bombed; on 10 April, the Independent State of Croatia...
between the Western countries and the Soviet bloc during the Cold War. The YYA treaty (Finno-Soviet Pactof Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance)...
the Boundary Treaty of 1866," or the "Treaty ofMutual Benefits," which established 24° S "from the littoral ofthe Pacific to the eastern limits of Chile"...
for the sake of his domestic position; the British government needed an independent Turkey for the security ofthe Eastern Mediterranean... Mutual fear...
referred to as the Romanian Old Kingdom, to distinguish it from "Greater Romania", which included theprovinces that became part ofthe state after World...
mutual trust, the visit oftheDefense Attaché ofthe Republic of Belarus to Ukraine to the "Snowstorm - 2022" exercise, as well as the visit ofthe Defense...
by far the hottest, most humid, and rainiest time of year because ofthe southern and southeastern monsoon winds that carry moist air from the Pacific...
in the 1560s. In 1582, Boné, Soppéng, and Wajoq signed a mutualdefensepact known as the Treaty of Timurung. The alliance also referred to as the Tellumpocco...
2021). "Biden Announces Defense Deal With Australia in a Bid to Counter China". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 September 2021. "Pact with U.S., Britain,...