Global InformationMeasles information
| Measles | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Morbilli, rubeola, red measles, English measles[1][2] |
 | |
| A child showing a day-four measles rash | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, rash[3][4] |
| Complications | Pneumonia, seizures, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, immunosuppression, hearing loss, blindness[5][6] |
| Usual onset | 10–12 days after exposure[7][8] |
| Duration | 7–10 days[7][8] |
| Causes | Measles virus[3] |
| Prevention | Measles vaccine[7] |
| Treatment | Supportive care[7] |
| Frequency | 20 million per year[3] |
| Deaths | 140,000+ (2018)[9][10] |
Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus.[3][5][11][12] Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days.[7][8] Initial symptoms typically include fever, often greater than 40 °C (104 °F), cough, runny nose, and inflamed eyes.[3][4] Small white spots known as Koplik's spots may form inside the mouth two or three days after the start of symptoms.[4] A red, flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of symptoms.[4] Common complications include diarrhea (in 8% of cases), middle ear infection (7%), and pneumonia (6%).[5] These occur in part due to measles-induced immunosuppression.[6] Less commonly seizures, blindness, or inflammation of the brain may occur.[5][7] Other names include morbilli, rubeola, red measles, and English measles.[1][2] Both rubella, also known as German measles, and roseola are different diseases caused by unrelated viruses.[13]
Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily from one person to the next through the coughs and sneezes of infected people.[7] It may also be spread through direct contact with mouth or nasal secretions.[14] It is extremely contagious: nine out of ten people who are not immune and share living space with an infected person will be infected.[5] Furthermore, measles's reproductive number estimates vary beyond the frequently cited range of 12 to 18.[15] The NIH quote this 2017 paper saying: "[a] review in 2017 identified feasible measles R0 values of 3.7–203.3".[16] People are infectious to others from four days before to four days after the start of the rash.[5] While often regarded as a childhood illness, it can affect people of any age.[17] Most people do not get the disease more than once.[7] Testing for the measles virus in suspected cases is important for public health efforts.[5] Measles is not known to occur in other animals.[14]
Once a person has become infected, no specific treatment is available,[14] although supportive care may improve outcomes.[7] Such care may include oral rehydration solution (slightly sweet and salty fluids), healthy food, and medications to control the fever.[7][8] Antibiotics should be prescribed if secondary bacterial infections such as ear infections or pneumonia occur.[7][14] Vitamin A supplementation is also recommended for children.[14] Among cases reported in the U.S. between 1985 and 1992, death occurred in only 0.2% of cases,[5] but may be up to 10% in people with malnutrition.[7] Most of those who die from the infection are less than five years old.[14]
The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the disease, is exceptionally safe, and is often delivered in combination with other vaccines.[7][18] Vaccination resulted in an 80% decrease in deaths from measles between 2000 and 2017, with about 85% of children worldwide having received their first dose as of 2017.[14] Measles affects about 20 million people a year,[3] primarily in the developing areas of Africa and Asia.[7] It is one of the leading vaccine-preventable disease causes of death.[19][20] In 1980, 2.6 million people died from measles,[7] and in 1990, 545,000 died due to the disease; by 2014, global vaccination programs had reduced the number of deaths from measles to 73,000.[21][22] Despite these trends, rates of disease and deaths increased from 2017 to 2019 due to a decrease in immunization.[23][24][25]
- ^ a b Milner DA (2015). Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-323-40037-4. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
- ^ a b Stanley J (2002). Essentials of Immunology & Serology. Cengage Learning. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-7668-1064-8. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Caserta, MT, ed. (September 2013). "Measles". Merck Manual Professional. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Measles (Rubeola) Signs and Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Atkinson W (2011). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 301–23. ISBN 978-0-9832631-3-5. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ a b Rota PA, Moss WJ, Takeda M, de Swart RL, Thompson KM, Goodson JL (July 2016). "Measles". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 2: 16049. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.49. PMID 27411684.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Measles Fact sheet N°286". World Health Organization. November 2014. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d Bope ET, Kellerman RD (2014). Conn's Current Therapy 2015. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-323-31956-0. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
- ^ Joint News Release (5 December 2019). "More than 140,000 die from measles as cases surge worldwide". who.int. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ^ "Global Measles Outbreaks". cdc.gov. 17 August 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ^ Guerra FM, Bolotin S, Lim G, Heffernan J, Deeks SL, Li Y, et al. (December 2017). "The basic reproduction number (R0) of measles: a systematic review". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 17 (12): e420–e428. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30307-9. PMID 28757186. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Measles (Red Measles, Rubeola)". Dept of Health, Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ^ Marx JA (2010). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 1541. ISBN 978-0-323-05472-0. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Measles fact sheet". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ^ Guerra FM, Bolotin S, Lim G, Heffernan J, Deeks SL, Li Y, et al. (December 2017). "The basic reproduction number (R0) of measles: a systematic review". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 17 (12): e420–e428. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30307-9. ISSN 1474-4457. PMID 28757186. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Delamater PL, Street EJ, Leslie TF, Yang YT, Jacobsen KH (2019). "Complexity of the Basic Reproduction Number (R0)". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 25 (1). NIH website: 1–4. doi:10.3201/eid2501.171901. PMC 6302597. PMID 30560777.
[a] review in 2017 identified feasible measles R0 values of 3.7–203.3
- ^ Selina SP, Chen MD (6 June 2019). Measles (Report). Medscape. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011.
- ^ Russell SJ, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Bexon A, Cattaneo R, Dingli D, Dispenzieri A, et al. (September 2019). "Oncolytic Measles Virotherapy and Opposition to Measles Vaccination". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 94 (9): 1834–39. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.05.006. PMC 6800178. PMID 31235278.
- ^ Kabra SK, Lodha R (August 2013). "Antibiotics for preventing complications in children with measles". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD001477. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001477.pub4. PMC 7055587. PMID 23943263.
- ^ "Despite the availability of a safe, effective and inexpensive vaccine for more than 40 years, measles remains a leading vaccine-preventable cause of childhood deaths" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ^ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
- ^ "Measles cases spike globally due to gaps in vaccination coverage". World Health Organization (WHO). 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
- ^ "U.S. measles cases surge nearly 20 percent in early April, CDC says". Reuters. 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ "Measles – European Region". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.