Testicular swelling, inflammation of nerves, congenital rubella syndrome, miscarriage[1][3]
Usual onset
2 weeks after exposure[1]
Duration
3 days[1]
Causes
Rubella virus (spread through the air)[3][4]
Diagnostic method
Finding the virus in the blood, throat, or urine, antibody tests[1]
Prevention
Rubella vaccine[3]
Treatment
Supportive care[2]
Frequency
Common in many areas[2]
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles,[5] is an infection caused by the rubella virus.[3] This disease is often mild, with half of people not realizing that they are infected.[1][6] A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days.[1] It usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.[1] The rash is sometimes itchy and is not as bright as that of measles.[1] Swollen lymph nodes are common and may last a few weeks.[1] A fever, sore throat, and fatigue may also occur.[1][2] Joint pain is common in adults.[1] Complications may include bleeding problems, testicular swelling, encephalitis, and inflammation of nerves.[1] Infection during early pregnancy may result in a miscarriage or a child born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).[3] Symptoms of CRS manifest as problems with the eyes such as cataracts, deafness, as well as affecting the heart and brain.[3] Problems are rare after the 20th week of pregnancy.[3]
Rubella is usually spread from one person to the next through the air via coughs of people who are infected.[3][4] People are infectious during the week before and after the appearance of the rash.[1] Babies with CRS may spread the virus for more than a year.[1] Only humans are infected.[3] Insects do not spread the disease.[1] Once recovered, people are immune to future infections.[3] Testing is available that can verify immunity.[3] Diagnosis is confirmed by finding the virus in the blood, throat, or urine.[1] Testing the blood for antibodies may also be useful.[1]
Rubella is preventable with the rubella vaccine with a single dose being more than 95% effective.[3] Often it is given in combination with the measles vaccine and mumps vaccine, known as the MMR vaccine.[1] When some, but less than 80%, of a population is vaccinated, more women may reach childbearing age without developing immunity by infection or vaccination, thus possibly raising CRS rates.[3] Once infected there is no specific treatment.[2]
Rubella is a common infection in many areas of the world.[2] Each year about 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome occur.[3] Rates of disease have decreased in many areas as a result of vaccination.[2][6] There are ongoing efforts to eliminate the disease globally.[3] In April 2015, the World Health Organization declared the Americas free of rubella transmission.[7][8] The name "rubella" is from Latin and means little red.[1] It was first described as a separate disease by German physicians in 1814, resulting in the name "German measles".[1]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuAtkinson W (2011). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 301–323. ISBN 978-0-9832631-3-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
^ abcdefgMcLean H (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-994849-9. Archived from the original on 2015-04-24 – via cdc.gov.
^ abcdefghijklmnoLambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J, Poland GA (7 January 2015). "Rubella". Lancet. 385 (9984): 2297–307. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0. PMC 4514442. PMID 25576992.
^ ab"Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)". CDC.gov. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. December 17, 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^Neighbors M, Tannehill-Jones R (2010). "Childhood diseases and disorders". Human diseases (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar, Cengage Learning. pp. 457–79. ISBN 978-1-4354-2751-8.
^ ab"Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 86 (29): 301–16. 15 July 2011. PMID 21766537. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2015.
^Donald G. McNeil Jr. (April 29, 2015). "Rubella Has Been Eliminated From the Americas, Health Officials Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.
^"Americas region is declared the world's first to eliminate rubella". PAHO.org. Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. 29 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild, with half of people...
Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, and is the main cause of...
The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles), abbreviated as MMR. The first dose is generally given to children around...
Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% of people become immune....
Rubella Ballet are an English gothic anarcho-punk band formed in 1979, who released several albums before splitting up in 1991. They reformed in 2000...
names include morbilli, rubeola, red measles, and English measles. Both rubella, also known as German measles, and roseola are different diseases caused...
Capsella rubella, the pink shepherd's-purse, is a plant species in the genus Capsella, a very close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana and a member of the...
Callicarpa rubella is a species of beautyberry native to Southeast Asia. It is a shrub that produces pink or purple flowers followed by dark-purple berries...
Tillandsia rubella is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Kew World Checklist...
Volvarina rubella is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails. Subspecies Volvarina rubella navicella...
Viola rubella is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae. It is endemic to southern Chile, distributed between the Biobío and Los Lagos regions...
Ramularia rubella is a plant pathogen in Ascomycota that infects Rumex species. Infection produces reddish spots on leaves. The red color is caused by...
Dioryctria rubella, the pine shoot moth, is a species of snout moth in the genus Dioryctria. It was described by George Hampson in 1891 and is known from...
Sabulina rubella is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by several common names, including beautiful sandwort, mountain sandwort...
historical cell line used in rubella vaccines was originally obtained from a fetus aborted due to infection with rubella. Rubella during pregnancy can lead...
physician-scientist and virologist. He was one of the developers of the rubella vaccine. Paul Douglas Parkman was born in Auburn, New York, to Mary (Klumpp)...
Elachista rubella is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Blanchard in 1852. It is found in Chile. Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching...
Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication — measles, mumps, rubella, lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and cysticercosis (pork tapeworm)...
larger. The condition can occur following infection of an unborn baby with rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, or coxsackie virus. Other viral causes...
eggs or to vaccine components. Rubella is contagious viral disease, with symptoms like mild measles. Screening for rubella susceptibility by history of...
itself and in combinations such as the MMR vaccine (a combination with the rubella vaccine and mumps vaccine) or the MMRV vaccine (a combination of MMR with...
Silene rubella is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. The plant live along dry-farmed fields. The flowers have red petals and...
Garrha rubella is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1938. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded...
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