Global InformationMMR vaccine information
 MMR vaccine | |
| Combination of | |
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| Measles vaccine | Vaccine |
| Mumps vaccine | Vaccine |
| Rubella vaccine | Vaccine |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | M-M-R II, Priorix, Tresivac, others |
| Other names | MPR vaccine[1] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a601176 |
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The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles), abbreviated as MMR.[6] The first dose is generally given to children around 9 months to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least four weeks between the doses.[7][8][9] After two doses, 97% of people are protected against measles, 88% against mumps, and at least 97% against rubella.[7] The vaccine is also recommended for those who do not have evidence of immunity,[7] those with well-controlled HIV/AIDS,[10][11] and within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those who are incompletely immunized.[8] It is given by injection.[12]
The MMR vaccine is widely used around the world. Worldwide over 500 million doses were administered between 1999 and 2004,[13] and 575 million doses have been administered since the vaccine's introduction worldwide.[14] Measles resulted in 2.6 million deaths per year before immunization became common.[14] This has decreased to 122,000 deaths per year as of 2012,[update] mostly in low-income countries.[14] Through vaccination, as of 2018[update], rates of measles in North and South America are very low.[14] Rates of disease have been seen to increase in populations that go unvaccinated.[14] Between 2000 and 2018, vaccination decreased measles deaths by 73%.[15]
Side effects of immunization are generally mild and resolve without any specific treatment.[16] These may include fever, as well as pain or redness at the injection site.[16] Severe allergic reactions occur in about one in a million people.[16] Because it contains live viruses, the MMR vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy but may be given while breastfeeding.[7] The vaccine is safe to give at the same time as other vaccines.[16] Being recently immunized does not increase the risk of passing measles, mumps, or rubella on to others.[7] There is no evidence of an association between MMR immunisation and autistic spectrum disorders.[17][18][19] The MMR vaccine is a mixture of live weakened viruses of the three diseases.[7]
The MMR vaccine was developed by Maurice Hilleman.[6] It was licensed for use in the US by Merck in 1971.[20] Stand-alone measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines had been previously licensed in 1963, 1967, and 1969, respectively.[20][21] Recommendations for a second dose were introduced in 1989.[20] The MMRV vaccine, which also covers chickenpox, may be used instead.[7] An MR vaccine, without coverage for mumps, is also occasionally used.[22]
- ^ Grignolio A (2018). Vaccines: Are they Worth a Shot?. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9783319681061. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ "Measles virus vaccine / mumps virus vaccine / rubella virus vaccine (M-M-R II) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
- ^ "M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension". DailyMed. 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Priorix- measels, mumps, and rubella vaccine, live kit". DailyMed. 3 June 2022. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "M-M-RVaxPro EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
- ^ a b "Maurice R. Hilleman, PhD, DSc". Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 16 (3): 225–226. July 2005. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.002. PMID 16044396.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017". Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 92 (17): 205–227. April 2017. hdl:10665/255149. PMID 28459148.
- ^ World Health Organization (January 2019). "Measles vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017 - Recommendations". Vaccine. 37 (2): 219–222. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.066. PMID 28760612. S2CID 205605355.
- ^ Kinney R (2 May 2017). "Core Concepts – Immunizations in Adults – Basic HIV Primary Care – National HIV CurriculumImmunizations in Adults". www.hiv.uw.edu. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ Watson JC, Hadler SC, Dykewicz CA, Reef S, Phillips L (May 1998). "Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 47 (RR-8): 1–57. PMID 9639369. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "Administering MMR Vaccine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
pmid 16528234was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e "Addressing misconceptions on measles vaccination". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ^ "Measles Fact Sheet". World Health Organization (WHO). 5 December 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d "MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Vaccine Information Statement". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ^ Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V (November 2021). "Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (11): CD004407. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5. PMC 8607336. PMID 34806766.
- ^ Hussain A, Ali S, Ahmed M, Hussain S (July 2018). "The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine". Cureus. 10 (7): e2919. doi:10.7759/cureus.2919. PMC 6122668. PMID 30186724.
- ^ Spencer JP, Trondsen Pawlowski RH, Thomas S (June 2017). "Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality". American Family Physician. 95 (12): 786–794. PMID 28671426.
- ^ a b c Goodson JL, Seward JF (December 2015). "Measles 50 Years After Use of Measles Vaccine". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 29 (4): 725–743. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2015.08.001. PMID 26610423.
- ^ "Measles: information about the disease and vaccines Questions and Answers" (PDF). Immunization Action Coalition. November 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- ^ "Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccines" (PDF). fdaghana.gov.gh. May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2022.