The lymphatic endothelium refers to a specialized subset of endothelial cells located in the sinus systems of draining lymph nodes. Specifically, these endothelial cells line the branched sinus systems formed by afferent lymphatic vessels, forming a single-cell layer which functions in a variety of critical physiological processes. These lymphatic endothelial cells contribute directly to immune function and response modulation, provide transport selectivity, and demonstrate orchestration of bidirectional signaling cascades. Additionally, lymphatic endothelial cells may be implicated in downstream immune cell development as well as lymphatic organogenesis. (Jalkanen, S., Salmi, M. 2020)[1]
Until recently, lymphatic endothelial cells have not been characterized to their optimal potential. This system is very important in the function of continuous removal of interstitial fluid and proteins, while also having a significant function of entry for leukocytes and tumor cells. This leads to further research that is being developed on the relationship between lymphatic endothelium and metastasis of tumor cells (Pepper, M. S., & Skobe, M. 27 October 2003).[2]
The lymphatic capillaries are described to be blind ended vessels (closed on one end), and they are made up of a single non-fenestrated layer of endothelial cells; The lymph capillaries function to aid in the uptake of fluids, macromolecules, and cells. Although they are generally similar to blood capillaries, the lymph capillaries have distinct structural differences. Lymph capillaries consist of a more wide and irregular lumen, and the endothelium in lymph capillaries is much thinner as well (S. Pepper, Skobe 2003). Their origin has been speculated to vary based on them being dependent on specific tissue environments, and powered by organ-specific signals.(L. Gutierrez-Miranda, K. Yaniv, 2020).[3] A lymph capillary endothelial cell is distinct from other endothelial cells in that collagen fibers are directly attached to its plasma membrane.
Although lymphatics were first described by Hippocrates in 400 BC and rediscovered as "milky veins in the gut of a well fed dog" in the 17th century by Gasparo Aselli, they were ignored for centuries until in 1937 Howard Florey showed that lymphatics enlarge in inflammation. At this stage vascular and lymphatic endothelia were seen to be morphologically distinct and lymphatic vessels considered less important. Later it was discovered that VEGF-R3 and VEGF-C/VEGF-D were the key growth factors controlling lymphatic endothelial proliferation. Markers of lymphatic endolthelium were not discovered until relatively recently. These being LYVE-1 (Jackson et al., 1999)[4] and podoplanin (Kerjaschki, 1999).[5]
^Jalkanen, Sirpa; Salmi, Markko (24 February 2020). "Lymphatic endothelial cells of the lymph node". Nature Reviews Immunology. 20 (9): 566–578. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0281-x. PMID 32094869. S2CID 211265611. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
^Pepper, Michael S.; Skobe, Mihaela (27 October 2003). "Lymphatic endothelium". The Journal of Cell Biology. 163 (2): 209–213. doi:10.1083/jcb.200308082. PMC 2173536. PMID 14581448.
^Gutierrez-Miranda, Laura; Karina, Yaniv (24 September 2020). "Cellular Origins of the Lymphatic Endothelium: Implications for Cancer Lymphangiogenesis". Frontiers in Physiology. 11: ePub. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.577584. PMC 7541848. PMID 33071831.
^Banerji, Suneale; Ni, Jian; Wang, Shu-Xia; Clasper, Steven; Su, Jeffrey; Tammi, Raija; Jones, Margaret; Jackson, David G. (1999). "LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan 1". The Journal of Cell Biology. 144 (4): 789–801. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.4.789. PMC 2132933. PMID 10037799.
^Breiteneder-Geleff, Silvana; Soleiman, Afschin; Kowalski, Heinrich; Horvat, Reinhard; Amann, Gabriele; Kriehuber, Ernst; Diem, Katja; Weninger, Wolfgang; Tschachler, Erwin; Alitalo, Kari; Kerjaschki, Dontscho (1999). "Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic andothelium". American Journal of Pathology. 154 (2): 385–394. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65285-6. PMC 1849992. PMID 10027397.
and 26 Related for: Lymphatic endothelium information
The lymphaticendothelium refers to a specialized subset of endothelial cells located in the sinus systems of draining lymph nodes. Specifically, these...
The lymphatic vessels (or lymph vessels or lymphatics) are thin-walled vessels (tubes), structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph. As part of the...
The endothelium (pl.: endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels...
large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, lymphatic tissue and lymph. Lymph is a clear fluid carried by the lymphatic vessels back...
organ of the lymphatic system and the adaptive immune system. A large number of lymph nodes are linked throughout the body by the lymphatic vessels. They...
endothelium, forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart, and is known as vascular endothelium, and lining lymphatic vessels as lymphatic endothelium...
thought to be involved in lymphangiogenesis and maintenance of the lymphaticendothelium. Mutations in this gene cause hereditary lymphedema type IA. FLT4...
by flattened cells of the endothelium and many of them are surrounded by contractile cells called pericytes. The endothelium provides a smooth surface...
are benign tumors derived from cells of the vascular or lymphatic vessel walls (endothelium) or derived from cells of the tissues surrounding these vessels...
Park EY, Hwang JS, Huo GH, et al. (February 2011). "Expression of lymphaticendothelium-specific hyaluronan receptor LYVE-1 in the developing mouse kidney"...
metastasis by regulating prostaglandins produced by the collecting lymphaticendothelium". Cancer Cell. 21 (2): 181–195. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.12.026. PMID 22340592...
temperature and natural pH. In vertebrates, the lymphatic system is complementary to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system carries excess plasma (filtered...
a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal which is lined by endothelium with blood and lymphatic properties that allow aqueous humor to flow into the blood...
Brain Atlases can be found here. PROX1 is used as a marker for lymphaticendothelium in biopsy samples. PROX2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000117707...
performs a valve-like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system.[citation needed] Biological compartmentalization is...
cells (ECs), which create the thin-walled endothelium that lines the inner surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The blood vessels include arteries...
clefts are often found between epithelial cells and the endothelium of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, also helping to form the blood-nerve barrier...
outside world or gastrointestinal tract (epithelia) or internal cavities (endothelium) come in numerous shapes and forms – from single layers of flat cells...
intralobular lymphatic capillaries are connected to the arcuate lymphatics. The arcuate lymphatics pass into the interlobar lymphatics, which pass near...
creatinine. Lymph capillaries connect with larger lymph vessels to drain lymphatic fluid collected in microcirculation. Capillary comes from the Latin word...
types: Chylolymphatic, the most common type: thin wall, lined by flat endothelium, clear chylous fluid present, separate blood vessels Enterogenous: thick...
PMID 16228955. Johnston M (2003). "The importance of lymphatics in cerebrospinal fluid transport". Lymphatic Research and Biology. 1 (1): 41–4, discussion 45...
specific to blood vessel endothelium. These markers include CD34 and Laminin. This experiment proves that Prox1 is necessary for lymphatic cells to specify....
litres per day is reabsorbed to the blood stream. The remainder of the lymphatic fluid is rich in proteins and other large molecules and rejoins the blood...
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