Global InformationList of flood basalt provinces information
Representative continental flood basalts (also known as traps) and oceanic plateaus, together forming a listing of large igneous provinces:[1]
| Era | Period[a] | Epoch | Age[b] | Start, mya[b] | Event | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cenozoic[c] | Quaternary | Holocene | 0.0117[d] | |||
| Pleistocene | Upper | 0.126 | ||||
| Middle | 0.781 | Australasian strewnfield Lake Bosumtwi[4] |
Brunhes–Matuyama reversal (778.7 ± 1.9)[5] Jaramillo reversal (1.07) | |||
| Calabrian | 1.806* | Olduvai reversal | ||||
| Gelasian | 2.588* | Chilcotin Plateau Basalts[e] | Ice age Gauss-Matuyama reversal (2.588) | |||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian/Blancan | 3.600* | Gilbert-Gauss geomagnetic reversal (3.32) | ||
| Zanclean | 5.333* | Zanclean flood (5.333) | ||||
| Miocene | Messinian | 7.246* | Chilcotin Plateau Basalts[e] | |||
| Tortonian | 11.62* | |||||
| Serravallian | 13.82* | |||||
| Langhian | 15.97 | M. Miocene disruption (14.8–14.5)[f] Columbia River Basalt Group[g] Chilcotin Plateau Basalts[e] |
Increased Antarctic deep waters Yellowstone hotspot Nördlinger Ries (14.5-14.3) | |||
| Burdigalian | 20.44 | |||||
| Aquitanian | 23.03* | Shield volcanoes of Ethiopia[h] | Antarctic ice sheet complete | |||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | 28.1 | Ethiopian and Yemen traps (31–30)[h] | Fish Canyon Tuff (27.51)[i] | |
| Rupelian | 33.9* | Chesapeake Bay impact crater (35.5)[j] | Antarctic ice sheet expands Eocene–Oligocene extinction event | |||
| Eocene | Priabonian | 38.0 | ||||
| Bartonian | 41.3 | |||||
| Lutetian | 47.8* | Antarctic ice sheet begins | ||||
| Ypresian | 56.0* | N. Atlantic IP Phase II (56–54)[k] (Brito-Arctic province) (~56)[l] |
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| Paleocene | Thanetian | 59.2* | ||||
| Selandian | 61.6* | N. Atlantic IP (62–58)[k] (Brito-Arctic province) (~61)[l] (Thulean Plateau) |
Iceland hotspot[m] | |||
| Danian | 65.5 ± 0.3* | Chicxulub Crater (65.5 ± 0.3)[n] Deccan Traps (65.5 ± 0.3)[o] |
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event Shiva crater | |||
| Mesozoic | Cretaceous | Upper | Maastrichtian | 72.1 ± 0.2* | ||
| Campanian | 83.6 ± 0.2 | Caribbean LIP (76-74)[p] Caribbean LIP (82-80)[p] |
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| Santonian | 86.3 ± 0.5 | |||||
| Coniacian | 89.8 ± 0.3 | High Arctic LIP (~90-80)[q] Caribbean LIP (90-88)[p] Ontong Java Plateau[r] |
Galápagos hotspot | |||
| Turonian | 93.5 ± 0.8* | Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (91.5 ± 8.6)[s] Madagascar flood basalt (94.5±1.2) |
||||
| Cenomanian | 100.5* | |||||
| Lower | Albian | c. 113.0 | Kerguelen Plateau (110)[t] Rajmahal Traps (118)[u] |
Kerguelen hotspot | ||
| Aptian | c. 125.0 | Selli Event (~120)[s] Ontong Java Plateau (125–120)[r] |
Louisville hotspot | |||
| Barremian | c. 129.4 | High Arctic LIP (130-120)[q] | ||||
| Hauterivian | c. 132.9 | Abor volcanics (135) | Kerguelen hotspot | |||
| Valanginian | c. 139.8 | Paraná and Etendeka traps (138-128)[v] | Tristan hotspot | |||
| Berriasian | c. 145.0 | Glaciations End-Jurassic extinction | ||||
| Jurassic | Upper | Tithonian | 152.1 ± 0.9 | |||
| Kimmeridgian | 157.3 ± 1.0 | |||||
| Oxfordian | 163.5 ± 1.0 | |||||
| Middle | Callovian | 166.1 ± 1.2 | ||||
| Bathonian | 168.3 ± 1.3* | |||||
| Bajocian | 170.3 ± 1.4* | |||||
| Aalenian | 174.1 ± 1.0* | |||||
| Lower | Toarcian | 182.7 ± 0.7 | early Toarcian anoxic event Karoo-Ferrar (~183)[w] |
Pliensbachian-Toarcian extinction Formed as Gondwana broke up | ||
| Pliensbachian | 190.8 ± 1.0* | |||||
| Sinemurian | 199.3 ± 0.3* | C. Atlantic magmatic province (Recurrent)(197±1)[x] |
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| Hettangian | 201.3 ± 0.2* | Central Atlantic magmatic province (199.5±0.5)[x] | Formed as Pangea broke up Triassic–Jurassic extinction event | |||
| Triassic | Upper | Rhaetian | c. 208.5 | |||
| Norian | c. 228 | Wrangellia flood basalts (231–225)[y] | ||||
| Carnian | c. 235* | |||||
| Middle | Ladinian | c. 242* | ||||
| Anisian | 247.2 | |||||
| Lower | Olenekian | 251.2 | ||||
| Induan | 252.2 ± 0.5* | Siberian Traps (252.6)[z] | Permian–Triassic extinction event | |||
| Paleozoic | Permian | Lopingian | Changhsingian | 254.2 ± 0.1* | ||
| Wuchiapingian | 259.9 ± 0.4* | Emeishan Traps (258)[aa] | end-Capitanian/Guadalupian Extinction | |||
| Guadalupian | Capitanian | 265.1 ± 0.4* | ||||
| Wordian/Kazanian | 268.8 ± 0.5* | |||||
| Roadian/Ufimian | 272.3 ± 0.5* | Olson's Extinction Late Devonian extinction | ||||
| Cisuralian | Kungurian | 279.3 ± 0.6 | ||||
| Artinskian | 290.1 ± 0.1 | |||||
| Sakmarian | 295.5 ± 0.4 | |||||
| Asselian | 298.9 ± 0.2* | Skagerrak-Centered LIP (297±4 Ma)[ab] | Pangaea | |||
| Carbon- iferous[ac]/ Pennsyl- vanian |
Upper | Gzhelian | 303.7 ± 0.1 | |||
| Kasimovian | 307.0 ± 0.1 | Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse (~305)[ad] | ||||
| Middle | Moscovian | 315.2 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Lower | Bashkirian | 323.2 ± 0.4* | ||||
| Carbon- iferous[ac]/ Missis- sippian |
Upper | Serpukhovian | 330.9 ± 0.2 | |||
| Middle | Viséan | 346.7 ± 0.4* | ||||
| Lower | Tournaisian | 358.9 ± 0.4* | Hangenberg event (358.9 ± 0.4)[ae] | Late Devonian extinction | ||
| Devonian | Upper | Famennian | 372.2 ± 1.6* | Kellwasser_event (372.2 ± 1.6)[af] Viluy traps (373.4 ± 0.7)[ag] |
Late Devonian extinction[ah] | |
| Frasnian | 382.7 ± 1.6* | |||||
| Middle | Givetian | 387.7 ± 0.8* | ||||
| Eifelian | 393.3 ± 1.2* | |||||
| Lower | Emsian | 407.6 ± 2.6* | ||||
| Pragian | 410.8 ± 2.8* | |||||
| Lochkovian | 419.2 ± 3.2* | |||||
| Silurian | Pridoli | (Stage 8) | 423.0 ± 2.3* | Lau event (423.0 ± 2.3)[ai] | ||
| Ludlow/Cayugan | Ludfordian | 425.6 ± 0.9* | ||||
| Gorstian | 427.4 ± 0.5* | Mulde event (427.4 ± 0.5)[aj] | ||||
| Wenlock | Homerian/Lockportian | 430.5 ± 0.7* | ||||
| Sheinwoodian/Tonawandan | 433.4 ± 0.8* | Ireviken event (433.4 ± 2.3)[ak] | ||||
| Llandovery/ Alexandrian |
Telychian/Ontarian | 438.5 ± 1.1* | ||||
| Aeronian | 440.8 ± 1.2* | |||||
| Rhuddanian | 443.4 ± 1.5* | Ordovician–Silurian extinction event | ||||
| Ordovician | Upper | Hirnantian | 445.2 ± 1.4* | Pre-Devonian Traps (~445) | ||
| Katian | 453.0 ± 0.7* | |||||
| Sandbian | 458.4 ± 0.9* | |||||
| Middle | Darriwilian | 467.3 ± 1.1* | ||||
| Dapingian | 470.0 ± 1.4* | |||||
| Lower | Floian (formerly Arenig) |
477.7 ± 1.4* | ||||
| Tremadocian | 485.4 ± 1.9* | |||||
| Cambrian | Furongian | Stage 10 | c. 489.5 | Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event | ||
| Jiangshanian | c. 494* | |||||
| Paibian | c. 497* | |||||
| Series 3 | Guzhangian | c. 500.5* | ||||
| Drumian | c. 504.5* | |||||
| Stage 5 | c. 509 | |||||
| Series 2 | Stage 4 | c. 514 | ||||
| Stage 3 | c. 521 | |||||
| Terreneuvian | Stage 2 | c. 529 | Cambrian explosion | |||
| Fortunian | 541.0 ± 1.0* | End-Ediacaran extinction | ||||
| Neo- proterozoic[al] |
Ediacaran | c. 635* | Long Range dikes (620) | formed as Iapetus Ocean began | ||
| Cryogenian | 850[am] | Franklin LIP (716.5) | Snowball Earth | |||
| Tonian | 1000[am] | Warakurna LIP (~1075) | ||||
| Meso- proterozoic[al] |
Stenian | 1200[am] | Midcontinent Rift System (~1100)[an] Mackenzie LIP (~1270) |
Rodinia | ||
| Ectasian | 1400[am] | |||||
| Calymmian | 1600[am] | |||||
| Paleo- proterozoic[al] |
Statherian | 1800[am] | Circum-Superior Belt (1884-1864)[ao] Winagami sill complex (1890-1760) |
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| Orosirian | 2050[am] | Kapuskasing and Marathon dike swarm (2126-2101) Fort Frances dike swarm (2076-2067) Vredefort impact structure (2023±4)[ap] |
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| Rhyacian | 2300[am] | Ungava magmatic event | Huronian glaciation (2220) | |||
| Siderian | 2500[am] | Matachewan dike swarm (2500-2450) Mistassini dike swarm (2500) |
Great Oxygenation Event | |||
| Neoarchean[al] | 2800[am] | |||||
| Mesoarchean[al] | 3200[am] | |||||
| Paleoarchean[al] | 3600[am] | Kaapvaal craton (3600-3700) | Vaalbara | |||
| Eoarchean[al] | 4000 | |||||
| Early Imbrian[al][aq] | c. 3850 | |||||
| Nectarian[al][aq] | c. 3920 | lunar basins form | ||||
| Basin Groups[al][aq] | c. 4150 | Acasta Gneiss | Late Heavy Bombardment | |||
| Cryptic[ar] | c. 4600 | Oldest minerals. Earth surface solidifies. |
- ^ Courtillota, Vincent E.; Renneb, Paul R. (January 2003). "Sur l'âge des trapps basaltiques" [On the ages of flood basalt events]. Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 335 (1): 113–140. Bibcode:2003CRGeo.335..113C. doi:10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00006-3.
- ^ "The Paleobiology Database". Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
- ^ "The 2009 version of the ICS time chart" (PDF).[full citation needed]
- ^ estimated to be 1.07 mya
- ^ Bradley S. Singer; Malcolm S. Pringleb (1996). "Age and duration of the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic polarity reversal from incremental heating analyses of lavas". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 139 (1–2): 47–61. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.139...47S. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00003-9.
We have obtained 40Ar/39Ar isochron ages using incremental heating techniques on groundmass separates, phenocryst-poor whole rock samples, or plagioclase, from eight basaltic to andesitic lavas that erupted during the Matuyama-Brunhes (M-B) polarity transition at four geographically dispersed sites. These eight lavas range from 784.6 ± 7.1 ka to 770.8 ± 5.2 ka (1 σ errors); the weighted mean, 778.7 ± 1.9 ka, gives a high-precision age that is remarkably consistent with revised astronomical age estimates for the M-B polarity transition
- ^ [1][full citation needed]
- ^ [2][full citation needed]
- ^ (Chazot & Bertrand, 1993;[full citation needed] Baker et al., 1996a;[full citation needed] Menzies et al., 2001[full citation needed])
- ^ [3][full citation needed]
- ^ [4][full citation needed]
- ^ Courtillot, Vincent; Kravchinsky, Vadim A.; Quidelleur, Xavier; Renne, Paul R.; Gladkochub, Dmitry P. (2010). "Preliminary dating of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events?". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 300 (3–4): 239–245. Bibcode:2010E&PSL.300..239C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.045.
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