Leaky scanning is a mechanism used during the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation that enables regulation of gene expression. During initiation, the small 40S ribosomal subunit (as a 43S PIC) "scans" or moves in a 5' --> 3' direction along the 5'UTR to locate a start codon to commence elongation. Sometimes, the scanning ribosome bypasses the initial AUG start codon and begins translation at further downstream AUG start codons.[1] Translation in eukaryotic cells according to most scanning mechanisms occurs at the AUG start codon proximal to the 5' end of mRNA; however, the scanning ribosome may encounter an “unfavorable nucleotide context” around the start codon and continue scanning.[2]
There are certain instances where initiation has been found to occur upstream at a non-AUG codon. Eukaryotic genes containing consistent G-C rich leader sequences are frequently observed performing this mechanism. It is hypothesized that scanning is slowed due to a secondary structure which allows for the binding of Met-tRNA with the mismatch codon.[3]
Several viruses use a leaky scanning mechanism to produce vital proteins which implies that leaky scanning is not a consequence of inadequacy, but instead allows viruses to overcome the high selective pressures of competing with their hosts.[4] Molecular biologists are narrowing the search of the ideal nucleotide environment for initiation of translation, and the mechanisms by which viruses replicate.[1]
^ abKozak, Marilyn. “Initiation of Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.” Gene 234 (1999): 187-208. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 June 2014.
^Herzog, Etienne., et al. “Translation of the Second Gene of Peanut Clump Virus RNA 2 Occurs by Leaky Scanning In Vitro.” Virology 208. (1995): 215-225. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 June 1014.
^Kozak, Marilyn. “Pushing the limits of the scanning mechanism of initiation of translation.” Gene 299 (2002): 1-34. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 June 2014.
^Ryaboba, Lyubov., et al. “Translation reinitiation and leaky scanning in plant viruses.” Virus Research 119 (2006): 52-62 Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 June 2014.
Leakyscanning is a mechanism used during the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation that enables regulation of gene expression. During initiation...
through the susceptance. Scanning arrays achieve scanning in two dimensions by creating a one-dimensional phased array of leaky-wave line-source antennas...
mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Humans...
transcription is the method of replication. Translation takes place by leakyscanning and RNA termination-reinitiation. Humans and other mammals serve as...
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transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, and RNA termination-reinitiation. Vertebrates serve as the natural...
W. The C protein is not produced through RNA editing but instead by leakyscanning of the host cell ribosome during translation of viral mRNA. P, V, and...
the negative-stranded RNA virus models. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, ribosomal shunting, and RNA termination-reinitiation. The virus exits...
capsid protein VP1; and the smaller 19s, which gives VP2 and VP3 through leakyscanning. All of the proteins, besides the 5% of large T, return to the nucleus...
mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. The virus exits the host cell by budding, and nuclear pore export....
it scans until it reaches the first AUG codon in a Kozak sequence. This scanning is referred to as the scanning mechanism of initiation. The scanning mechanism...
with a leucine amino acid. Leakyscanning: used by various viruses in all Baltimore groups, the 40S ribosomal subunit may scan through a start codon, thereby...
transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral...
mechanism, is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, budding, and microtubular...
is initiated via a ribosomal shunt discontinuous scanning. Scanning complex enters 5’ cap and scan ~50 nucleotides of 5’ UTR, and then is transferred...
the adaptive immune system, mutations in DNA, transcription errors, leakyscanning by the ribosome causing a frame shift, and other causes. Detection of...
the cytoplasm 6–7 hours after infection. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, suppression of termination, and ribosomal skipping. The virus exits...
transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. Human, pig, wild boar, monkey, cow, sheep, camel some rodents, bat...
mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Humans...
frames, then alternative splicing, suboptimal translation initiation, or leakyscanning may be used to translate different gene products. Parvoviruses replicate...
cellular material with a mass spectrometer. 5'UTR Eukaryotic translation Leakyscanning Vilela C, McCarthy JE (August 2003). "Regulation of fungal gene expression...
mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress and budding. Betaherpesviruses...
mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, and ribosomal shunting. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope...
frames II and III are translated from polycistronic pregenomic RNA by leakyscanning. J. Virol. 71:7984-7989. Hoa TTC, Al-Babili S, Schaub P, Potrykus I...
transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, −1 ribosomal frameshifting, viral initiation, and suppression of termination...
mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, budding, and microtubular...
transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, and suppression of termination. The virus exits the host cell by tripartite...
stuttering is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, and ribosomal shunting. The virus exits the host cell by budding. Rodents...
transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, and suppression of termination. The virus exits the host cell by tripartite...
transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leakyscanning, -1 ribosomal frameshifting, and suppression of termination. The virus...
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