Transmission electron micrograph of Norwalk virus. The white bar = 50 nm.
Specialty
Emergency medicine, pediatrics
Symptoms
Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, headache[2]
Complications
Dehydration[2]
Usual onset
12 to 48 hours after exposure[2]
Duration
1 to 3 days[2]
Causes
Norovirus[3]
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms[3]
Prevention
Hand washing, disinfection of contaminated surfaces[4]
Treatment
Supportive care (drinking sufficient fluids or intravenous fluids)[5]
Frequency
685 million cases per year[6]
Deaths
200,000 per year[6][7]
Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis.[1][6] Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain.[2][3] Fever or headaches may also occur.[2] Symptoms usually develop 12 to 48 hours after being exposed, and recovery typically occurs within one to three days.[2] Complications are uncommon, but may include dehydration, especially in the young, the old, and those with other health problems.[2]
The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route.[3] This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact.[3] It may also spread via contaminated surfaces or through air from the vomit of an infected person.[3] Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters.[3] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms.[3] Confirmatory testing is not usually available but may be performed by public health agencies during outbreaks.[3]
Prevention involves proper hand washing and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.[4] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus.[4][5] Management involves supportive care such as drinking sufficient fluids or intravenous fluids.[5] Oral rehydration solutions are the preferred fluids to drink, although other drinks without caffeine or alcohol can help.[5] Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not effective against the norovirus, according to the NHS information page on the subject;[8] this is due to norovirus being a non-enveloped virus.
Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year.[6][7] It is common both in the developed and developing world.[3][9] Those under the age of five are most often affected, and in this group it results in about 50,000 deaths in the developing world.[6] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months.[6] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters.[3] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.[3] The virus is named after the city of Norwalk, Ohio, US, where an outbreak occurred in 1968.[10]
^ ab"Norovirus (vomiting bug)". nhs.uk. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ abcdefgh"Norovirus Symptoms". CDC. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ abcdefghijklBrunette GW (2017). CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel. Oxford University Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780190628611. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
^ abc"Preventing Norovirus Infection". CDC. 5 May 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ abcd"Norovirus – Treatment". CDC. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ abcdef"Norovirus Worldwide". CDC. 15 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ ab"Global Burden of Norovirus and Prospects for Vaccine Development" (PDF). CDC. August 2015. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^"Norovirus (vomiting bug)". nhs.uk. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^Nguyen GT, Phan K, Teng I, Pu J, Watanabe T (October 2017). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis in developing countries". Medicine. 96 (40): e8139. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008139. PMC 5738000. PMID 28984764.
^Vesikari, Timo (2021). "25. Norovirus vaccines in pipeline development". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 289–292. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0.
against the norovirus, according to the NHS information page on the subject; this is due to norovirus being a non-enveloped virus. Norovirus results in...
policies in July 2017. A norovirus outbreak is being investigated in Virginia. More than 130 people reported having norovirus-like symptoms and two individuals...
artifact of legally mandated outbreak reporting. Norovirus is most commonly associated with sapovirus. Norovirus and sapovirus genomes are very closely related;...
hours. Norovirus outbreaks are often perceived to be associated with cruise ships. According to the American CDC, factors that cause norovirus to be associated...
hours. Norovirus outbreaks are often perceived to be associated with cruise ships. According to the United States CDC, the factors that cause norovirus to...
to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. Toxins...
development of an oral tablet vaccine for Norovirus, the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis globally. Norovirus significantly impacts all age groups,...
norovirus (MNV) is a species of norovirus affecting mice. It was first identified in 2003. MNV is commonly used in research to model Human norovirus because...
children, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe disease. In adults, norovirus and Campylobacter are common causes. Eating improperly prepared food,...
other locations including Manchester, were suspected as the source of a norovirus outbreak leading to 1000 people falling ill, with symptoms including vomiting...
molecular mechanisms of action, needed. Because of the similarity of FCV to norovirus, a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans, FCV has been used as a surrogate...
including influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2, chickenpox, smallpox, and measles. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted...
needed] The first mouse norovirus, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), was discovered in 2003. Since then, numerous murine norovirus strains have been identified...
home ports, ports of call, and agencies. In January 2014, an outbreak of norovirus aboard Explorer of the Seas sickened 689 of 4,237 passengers and crew...
16-day transatlantic voyage, over 700 people contracted the contagious norovirus illness. On the morning hours of November 15, Carnival Cruise Lines announced...
now closed) and Orlando, Florida in late 2012. In 2012, an outbreak of norovirus was linked to a now closed Golden Corral restaurant in Casper, Wyoming...
develop new dish concepts. In 2009, the Fat Duck suffered from the largest norovirus outbreak ever documented at a restaurant, with more than 400 diners falling...
Germany, 90% of cases of infectious enteritis are caused by four pathogens, Norovirus, Rotavirus, Campylobacter and Salmonella. Other common causes of infectious...
sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 109 (1–2): 160–3...
Victoria's 21 December 2007 voyage, 122 guests and 11 crew on board contracted norovirus. It was officially attributed to a guest who had already contracted the...
of the Seas returned to port, 684 of the 4,237 aboard had symptoms of norovirus. On 16 December 2015, A total of 182 passengers out of the 3,566 on board...
January through March 2007, the cruise ship suffered three outbreaks of norovirus and was forced to return to San Diego, California. 355 passengers and...
or vomitus. There is indirect evidence that specific pathogens such as norovirus or SARS coronavirus could potentially be spread by toilet aerosols, but...
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