Turkic conscripts of the New 36th Division near Kumul
Date
20 February 1931 – April 1934
Location
Xinjiang, China
Result
Stalemate; leading to more fighting in the Xinjiang Wars
Belligerents
China Ma Clique Kumul Khanate Supported by: Mongolian People's Republic (supporting only Kumul)[1]
Xinjiang clique White Movement Soviet Union
East Turkestan Supported by: Young Turks Japan[2] United Kingdom[3] Afghanistan[4]
Commanders and leaders
Chiang Kai-Shek Ma Zhongying Ma Hushan Ma Zhancang Zhang Peiyuan Huang Shaohong Yulbars Khan Khoja Niyas Kamal Efendi
Jin Shuren Zhang Peiyuan Sheng Shicai Khoja Niyas Pavel Pappengut Ma Shaowu (anti-Russian) Joseph Stalin Mikhail Frinovsky[5]
Muhammad Amin Bughra Abdullah Bughra † Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra † Osman Ali Tawfiq Bey Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki Mustafa Ali Bay
Muhsin Çapanoğlu Mahmud Nedim Bay Hirohito
Units involved
National Revolutionary Army
New 36th Division
Guangxi expeditionary force (never deployed)
Kumulik Uyghur peasant army
White Russian soldiers
Provincial Chinese troops
Chinese Muslim troops
Turkic Khotanlik Uyghur
Kirghiz rebels
Afghan mujahideen
Strength
Around 10,000 Chinese Muslim cavalry and infantry 15,000 Chinese Several thousand Kumul Khanate loyalists
Several thousand White Russian soldiers and provincial Chinese troops, some Chinese Muslim troops
Thousands of Turkic Khotanlik Uyghur, Kirghiz rebels and Afghan volunteers
Casualties and losses
Unknown
Thousands dead
Thousands dead
v
t
e
Campaigns of the Chinese Civil War
Outline of the Chinese Civil War
First Phase (1927–1937)
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Encirclement campaigns
Long March
Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)
Operation Beleaguer
Northeast China
Liaoshen
Huaihai
Pingjin
Yangtze River
Shanghai
Hainan
Guningtou
Wanshan
Aftermath
Xinjiang
Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
China–Burma border
Cross-strait conflict
The Kumul Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion of Kumulik Uyghurs from 1931 to 1934 who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, governor of Xinjiang. The Kumul Uyghurs were loyalists of the Kumul Khanate and wanted to restore the heir to the Khanate and overthrow Jin. The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his ties to the Soviet Union, so it approved of the operation while pretending to acknowledge Jin as governor. The rebellion then catapulted into large-scale fighting as Khotanlik Uyghur rebels in southern Xinjiang started a separate rebellion for independence in collusion with Kirghiz rebels. The various groups of rebels were not united (some even fought each other). The main part of the war was waged by Ma Zhongying against the Xinjiang government. He was supported by Chiang Kai-shek, the Premier of China, who secretly agreed to let Ma seize Xinjiang.
^Cite error: The named reference Mongol was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Bert Edstrom (2013). Turning Points in Japanese History. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 9781134279180.
^David Martin Jones, Paul Schulte, Carl Ungerer, M.L.R. Smith (2019). Handbook of Terrorism and Counter Terrorism Post 9/11. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 341. ISBN 9781786438027.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 123. ISBN 0-521-25514-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^Нэх В. Ф. Специальная операция НКВД в Синьцзяне(rus)
The KumulRebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion of Kumulik Uyghurs from 1931 to 1934 who conspired with...
the 1646 Milayin rebellion against the Qing dynasty. Beginning in 1647, after the defeat of the Ming loyalists, during which the Kumul Prince Turumtay...
He was a commander of the insurgents led by Khoja Niyaz during the KumulRebellion against the Xinjiang provincial authorities. After Hoya-Niyaz and Sheng...
overthrowing Gov. Jin Shuren after Jin abolished the Kumul Khanate and set off the KumulRebellion. Ma fought in Xinjiang for a while, was wounded and...
Old City of Kashgar on November 12, 1933. Khoja Niyaz, the leader of KumulRebellion in 1931, was invited by Sabit Damulla to Kashgar to assume presidency...
of its official name. It emerged from the KumulRebellion following the abolition of the semi-autonomous Kumul Khanate by Xinjiang Governor Jin Shuren....
Soviet client Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) in the KumulRebellion. Ma Zhongying, a Hui (Chinese Muslim), had earlier attended the Whampoa...
conspired with Khoja Niyaz and Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin in the KumulRebellion. According to some people, Ma restrained Yulbars from traveling to...
Id Mirab, revolted in the Tian Shan mountains as part of the wider KumulRebellion in Xinjiang, until they were quickly defeated by government forces...
and Chief Instructor at the Provincial Military College. With the KumulRebellion ongoing, Jin was overthrown in a coup on 12 April 1933 and Sheng was...
due to their experience. Pappengut fought against Ma Zhongying in KumulRebellion in 1931. In late September or early October 1931, Pappengut commanded...
from Dihua (Ürümqi). A band of Yunnanese led by Yang Zengxin quelled the rebellion and established himself as the provincial leader. President Yuan Shikai...
(Qinwang) of the Kumul Khanate in China from 1882 to 1930, he was the final ruler of the Borjigid dynasty. Maqsud Shah was the Khan of Kumul from 1882 to...
committing arson. This damage can still be seen to this day. In 1931, the KumulRebellion broke out in Xinjiang and the Province Army was defeated by Ma Zhongying's...
against the pro-Soviet governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren during the KumulRebellion, and the Soviets themselves during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang...
Soviet client Sheng Shicai during the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) in the KumulRebellion. Ma Zhongying, a Hui (Chinese Muslim), had earlier attended the Whampoa...
Uyghurs staged several uprisings against Chinese rule. In 1931, the KumulRebellion erupted, leading to the establishment of an independent government...
Nationalist government from the pro-Soviet governor Jin Shuren during the KumulRebellion. While Zuo is best known for his military acumen, he believed that...
important role in the East Turkestan independence movement. KumulRebellion (1931–1934) Kirghiz rebellion (1932) Battle of Aksu (1933) Kizil massacre (1933) Battle...
Zhang Xueliang. Citing desire to avoid civil war, he led a three-month rebellion against Zhang Zuolin which led to his defeat and execution. Guo Songling...
forced to leave because of ethnic and factional battles during the KumulRebellion in the late 1930s. Rapid church growth is reported to have taken place...
Fujian Rebellion 1934–1936 — Long March 1935 — Battles at Luding Bridge Qinghai–Tibet War (1932) KumulRebellion (1931–1934) Kirghiz rebellion (1932)...
Global Information
China 
Ma Clique 
Kumul Khanate 
Mongolian People's Republic (supporting only Kumul)[1]
Xinjiang clique 
White Movement 
Soviet Union
East Turkestan 
Young Turks 
Japan[2]
United Kingdom[3]
Afghanistan[4]
Kamal Efendi
