Induced stem cells information

Induced stem cells (iSC) are stem cells derived from somatic, reproductive, pluripotent or other cell types by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming. They are classified as either totipotent (iTC), pluripotent (iPSC) or progenitor (multipotent – iMSC, also called an induced multipotent progenitor cell – iMPC) or unipotent – (iUSC) according to their developmental potential and degree of dedifferentiation. Progenitors are obtained by so-called direct reprogramming or directed differentiation and are also called induced somatic stem cells.

Three techniques are widely recognized:^[1]

Transplantation of nuclei taken from somatic cells into an oocyte (egg cell) lacking its own nucleus (removed in lab)^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
Fusion of somatic cells with pluripotent stem cells^[6] and
Transformation of somatic cells into stem cells, using the genetic material encoding reprogramming protein factors,^[7]^[8]^[9] recombinant proteins;^[10] microRNA,^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] a synthetic, self-replicating polycistronic RNA^[16] and low-molecular weight biologically active substances.^[17]^[18]^[19]

^ Yamanaka S, Blau HM (June 2010). "Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three approaches". Nature. 465 (7299): 704–12. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..704Y. doi:10.1038/nature09229. PMC 2901154. PMID 20535199.
^ Gurdon JB, Wilmut I (June 2011). "Nuclear transfer to eggs and oocytes". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 3 (6): a002659. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002659. PMC 3098674. PMID 21555407.
^ Tachibana M, Amato P, Sparman M, Gutierrez NM, Tippner-Hedges R, Ma H, et al. (June 2013). "Human embryonic stem cells derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer". Cell. 153 (6): 1228–38. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006. PMC 3772789. PMID 23683578.
^ Noggle S, Fung HL, Gore A, Martinez H, Satriani KC, Prosser R, et al. (October 2011). "Human oocytes reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state". Nature. 478 (7367): 70–5. Bibcode:2011Natur.478...70N. doi:10.1038/nature10397. PMID 21979046. S2CID 4370078.
^ Pan G, Wang T, Yao H, Pei D (June 2012). "Somatic cell reprogramming for regenerative medicine: SCNT vs. iPS cells". BioEssays. 34 (6): 472–6. doi:10.1002/bies.201100174. PMID 22419173. S2CID 205470867.
^ Do JT, Han DW, Gentile L, Sobek-Klocke I, Stehling M, Lee HT, Schöler HR (April 2007). "Erasure of cellular memory by fusion with pluripotent cells". Stem Cells. 25 (4): 1013–20. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2006-0691. PMID 17218392.
^ Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors". Cell. 131 (5): 861–72. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019. hdl:2433/49782. PMID 18035408. S2CID 8531539.
^ Wang W, Yang J, Liu H, Lu D, Chen X, Zenonos Z, et al. (November 2011). "Rapid and efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells by retinoic acid receptor gamma and liver receptor homolog 1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (45): 18283–8. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10818283W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100893108. PMC 3215025. PMID 21990348.
^ Lapasset L, Milhavet O, Prieur A, Besnard E, Babled A, Aït-Hamou N, et al. (November 2011). "Rejuvenating senescent and centenarian human cells by reprogramming through the pluripotent state". Genes & Development. 25 (21): 2248–53. doi:10.1101/gad.173922.111. PMC 3219229. PMID 22056670.
^ Zhou H, Wu S, Joo JY, Zhu S, Han DW, Lin T, et al. (May 2009). "Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant proteins". Cell Stem Cell. 4 (5): 381–4. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.005. PMC 10182564. PMID 19398399.
^ Li Z, Rana TM (2012). "Using microRNAs to enhance the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells". Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology. Vol. 20. pp. 4D.4.1–14. doi:10.1002/9780470151808.sc04a04s20. ISBN 978-0470151808. PMID 22415842.
^ Anokye-Danso F, Trivedi CM, Juhr D, Gupta M, Cui Z, Tian Y, et al. (April 2011). "Highly efficient miRNA-mediated reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells to pluripotency". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (4): 376–88. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.03.001. PMC 3090650. PMID 21474102.
^ Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Nagano H, Haraguchi N, Dewi DL, Kano Y, et al. (June 2011). "Reprogramming of mouse and human cells to pluripotency using mature microRNAs". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (6): 633–8. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.05.001. PMID 21620789.
^ Jayawardena TM, Egemnazarov B, Finch EA, Zhang L, Payne JA, Pandya K, et al. (May 2012). "MicroRNA-mediated in vitro and in vivo direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes". Circulation Research. 110 (11): 1465–73. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.269035. PMC 3380624. PMID 22539765.
^ Bao X, Zhu X, Liao B, Benda C, Zhuang Q, Pei D, et al. (April 2013). "MicroRNAs in somatic cell reprogramming". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 25 (2): 208–14. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.12.004. PMID 23332905.
^ Yoshioka N, Gros E, Li HR, Kumar S, Deacon DC, Maron C, et al. (August 2013). "Efficient generation of human iPSCs by a synthetic self-replicative RNA". Cell Stem Cell. 13 (2): 246–54. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.001. PMC 3845961. PMID 23910086.
^ Hou P, Li Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Guan J, Li H, et al. (August 2013). "Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds". Science. 341 (6146): 651–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..651H. doi:10.1126/science.1239278. PMID 23868920. S2CID 45685692.
Efe JA, Ding S (August 2011). "The evolving biology of small molecules: controlling cell fate and identity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 366 (1575): 2208–21. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0006. PMC 3130415. PMID 21727126.
^ Stadtfeld M, Apostolou E, Ferrari F, Choi J, Walsh RM, Chen T, et al. (March 2012). "Ascorbic acid prevents loss of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting and facilitates generation of all-iPS cell mice from terminally differentiated B cells". Nature Genetics. 44 (4): 398–405, S1-2. doi:10.1038/ng.1110. PMC 3538378. PMID 22387999.
^ Pandian GN, Sugiyama H (June 2012). "Programmable genetic switches to control transcriptional machinery of pluripotency". Biotechnology Journal. 7 (6): 798–809. doi:10.1002/biot.201100361. PMID 22588775. S2CID 44394354.
Pandian GN, Nakano Y, Sato S, Morinaga H, Bando T, Nagase H, Sugiyama H (2012). "A synthetic small molecule for rapid induction of multiple pluripotency genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts". Scientific Reports. 2: 544. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.544P. doi:10.1038/srep00544. PMC 3408130. PMID 22848790.

[Yamanaka-1] Yamanaka S, Blau HM (June 2010). "Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three approaches". Nature. 465 (7299): 704–12. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..704Y. doi:10.1038/nature09229. PMC 2901154. PMID 20535199.

[Gurdon_2011-2] Gurdon JB, Wilmut I (June 2011). "Nuclear transfer to eggs and oocytes". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 3 (6): a002659. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002659. PMC 3098674. PMID 21555407.

[Tachibana_2013-3] Tachibana M, Amato P, Sparman M, Gutierrez NM, Tippner-Hedges R, Ma H, et al. (June 2013). "Human embryonic stem cells derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer". Cell. 153 (6): 1228–38. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006. PMC 3772789. PMID 23683578.

[Scott-4] Noggle S, Fung HL, Gore A, Martinez H, Satriani KC, Prosser R, et al. (October 2011). "Human oocytes reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state". Nature. 478 (7367): 70–5. Bibcode:2011Natur.478...70N. doi:10.1038/nature10397. PMID 21979046. S2CID 4370078.

[Pan-5] Pan G, Wang T, Yao H, Pei D (June 2012). "Somatic cell reprogramming for regenerative medicine: SCNT vs. iPS cells". BioEssays. 34 (6): 472–6. doi:10.1002/bies.201100174. PMID 22419173. S2CID 205470867.

[Do-6] Do JT, Han DW, Gentile L, Sobek-Klocke I, Stehling M, Lee HT, Schöler HR (April 2007). "Erasure of cellular memory by fusion with pluripotent cells". Stem Cells. 25 (4): 1013–20. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2006-0691. PMID 17218392.

[Takahashi-7] Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors". Cell. 131 (5): 861–72. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019. hdl:2433/49782. PMID 18035408. S2CID 8531539.

[Wei-8] Wang W, Yang J, Liu H, Lu D, Chen X, Zenonos Z, et al. (November 2011). "Rapid and efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells by retinoic acid receptor gamma and liver receptor homolog 1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (45): 18283–8. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10818283W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100893108. PMC 3215025. PMID 21990348.

[Laure-9] Lapasset L, Milhavet O, Prieur A, Besnard E, Babled A, Aït-Hamou N, et al. (November 2011). "Rejuvenating senescent and centenarian human cells by reprogramming through the pluripotent state". Genes & Development. 25 (21): 2248–53. doi:10.1101/gad.173922.111. PMC 3219229. PMID 22056670.

[Hongyan-10] Zhou H, Wu S, Joo JY, Zhu S, Han DW, Lin T, et al. (May 2009). "Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant proteins". Cell Stem Cell. 4 (5): 381–4. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.04.005. PMC 10182564. PMID 19398399.

[11] Li Z, Rana TM (2012). "Using microRNAs to enhance the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells". Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology. Vol. 20. pp. 4D.4.1–14. doi:10.1002/9780470151808.sc04a04s20. ISBN 978-0470151808. PMID 22415842.

[Anokye-12] Anokye-Danso F, Trivedi CM, Juhr D, Gupta M, Cui Z, Tian Y, et al. (April 2011). "Highly efficient miRNA-mediated reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells to pluripotency". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (4): 376–88. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.03.001. PMC 3090650. PMID 21474102.

[Norikatsu-13] Miyoshi N, Ishii H, Nagano H, Haraguchi N, Dewi DL, Kano Y, et al. (June 2011). "Reprogramming of mouse and human cells to pluripotency using mature microRNAs". Cell Stem Cell. 8 (6): 633–8. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.05.001. PMID 21620789.

[Dzau-14] Jayawardena TM, Egemnazarov B, Finch EA, Zhang L, Payne JA, Pandya K, et al. (May 2012). "MicroRNA-mediated in vitro and in vivo direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes". Circulation Research. 110 (11): 1465–73. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.269035. PMC 3380624. PMID 22539765.

[15] Bao X, Zhu X, Liao B, Benda C, Zhuang Q, Pei D, et al. (April 2013). "MicroRNAs in somatic cell reprogramming". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 25 (2): 208–14. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.12.004. PMID 23332905.

[16] Yoshioka N, Gros E, Li HR, Kumar S, Deacon DC, Maron C, et al. (August 2013). "Efficient generation of human iPSCs by a synthetic self-replicative RNA". Cell Stem Cell. 13 (2): 246–54. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.001. PMC 3845961. PMID 23910086.

[Hongkui_Deng-17] Hou P, Li Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Guan J, Li H, et al. (August 2013). "Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds". Science. 341 (6146): 651–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..651H. doi:10.1126/science.1239278. PMID 23868920. S2CID 45685692.
Efe JA, Ding S (August 2011). "The evolving biology of small molecules: controlling cell fate and identity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 366 (1575): 2208–21. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0006. PMC 3130415. PMID 21727126.

[Stadtfeld-18] Stadtfeld M, Apostolou E, Ferrari F, Choi J, Walsh RM, Chen T, et al. (March 2012). "Ascorbic acid prevents loss of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting and facilitates generation of all-iPS cell mice from terminally differentiated B cells". Nature Genetics. 44 (4): 398–405, S1-2. doi:10.1038/ng.1110. PMC 3538378. PMID 22387999.

[19] Pandian GN, Sugiyama H (June 2012). "Programmable genetic switches to control transcriptional machinery of pluripotency". Biotechnology Journal. 7 (6): 798–809. doi:10.1002/biot.201100361. PMID 22588775. S2CID 44394354.
Pandian GN, Nakano Y, Sato S, Morinaga H, Bando T, Nagase H, Sugiyama H (2012). "A synthetic small molecule for rapid induction of multiple pluripotency genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts". Scientific Reports. 2: 544. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.544P. doi:10.1038/srep00544. PMC 3408130. PMID 22848790.

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